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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Magnetic-field measurements based on quantum superpositions

Szymon Pustelny, Maria Koczwara, Przemyslaw Wlodarczyk, Wojciech Gawlik

Published Jun 1, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The authors report on their investigations on nonlinear Faraday effect (NFE), i.e. light-intensity dependent rotation of the polarization plane of linearly polarized light upon its propagation through a medium placed in a magnetic field. The phenomenon is associated with quantum superpositions of atomic or molecular levels of particles constituting the medium. In this context it is based on the same grounds as electromagnetically induced transparency, coherent population trapping, storage and retrieval of light pulse from a medium. The paper also discusses the mechanisms of generation and detection of the superpositions with light and means of controllable tailoring of a quantum state in long-living (lifetimes >10 ms) atomic state.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2009.5196253

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The authors report on their investigations on nonlinear Faraday effect (NFE), i.e. light-intensity dependent rotation of the polarization plane of linearly polarized light upon its propagation through a medium placed in a magnetic field. The phenomenon is associated with quantum superpositions of atomic or molecular levels of particles constituting the medium. In this context it is based on the same grounds as electromagnetically induced transparency, coherent population trapping, storage and retrieval of light pulse from a medium. The paper also discusses the mechanisms of generation and detection of the superpositions with light and means of controllable tailoring of a quantum state in long-living (lifetimes >10 ms) atomic state.
We study the possibility of creating quantum superposition states in alkali atoms. Our methodology is based on the phenomenon of nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR). The effect of magneto-optical rotation occurs whenever the resonant light propagates through the medium immersed in a longitudinal magnetic field and manifests itself as a rotation of the polarization plane of light. The effect is strongly enhanced by the nonlinearity of light-atom interaction and allows state-of-the art atomic magnetometry. On the other hand, the nonlinear magneto-rotation provides means to controllably affect and detect atom's quantum state. We present the work on this topic and report on some characteristics of superposition quantum states such as lifetimes or efficiency of it's creation in various conditions.
We report on the observation of nonlinear Faraday rotation with cold atoms at a temperature of  100~100 100 $\ensuremath{\mu}$K. The observed nonlinear rotation of the light polarization plane is up to 0.10.10.1 rad over the 111-mm-size atomic cloud in approximately 101010-mG magnetic field. The nonlinearity of rotation results from long-lived coherence of ground-state Zeeman sublevels created by a near-resonant light. The method allows for creation, detection, and control of atomic superposition states. It also allows applications for precision magnetometry with high spatial and temporal resolution.
We report on experimental and theoretical study of the nonlinear Faraday effect under conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency at the $5{S}_{1/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5{P}_{3/2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5{D}_{5/2}$ two-photon transition in rubidium vapor. These transitions realize the inverted YYY model which combines the $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ and ladder systems. Strong nonlinearity allowing for large rotation angles of a probe beam tuned to the $S\ensuremath{\rightarrow}P$ transition was obtained by creation of quantum superpositions of magnetic sublevels (Zeeman coherences) in the rubidium ground state ($\ensuremath{\Lambda}$ scheme). Additionally, electromagnetically induced transparency was accomplished in a ladder scheme by acting with a second strong coupling laser on the $P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}D$ transition. Under conditions of a two-photon resonance the rotation was significantly reduced, which is interpreted as a competition between the coherent processes. The effect was observed in sub-Gauss magnetic fields and could be used for efficient coherent control of generation of the ground-state coherences, e.g., for controlling the polarization state of the probe light.
We propose a dynamical model for description of the nonlinear Faraday rotation experienced by a short pulse propagating in a resonant medium subject to an ultra-strong static magnetic field. Under the assumptions of a sufficiently strong external magnetic field, such that the Zeeman splitting of the quantum system energy levels is large compared to the linewidth of the optical transitions involved and the bandwidth of the incident light, the light effectively interacts with a two-level system. Our numerical simulations show that the Faraday effect under these conditions is significantly distinctive from the one caused by weak to moderately strong magnetic field. Nonlinear coherent effects such as inhomogeneous polarization rotation along the pulse duration and an onset of a circularly polarized stimulated emission and coherent ringing have been demonstrated. Some views on the experimental observation of the predicted phenomena are given.
Nonlinear in laser power, near-resonant light-atom interaction leads to a number of spectacular modifications of a well-known effect -polarization plane rotation in a magnetic field applied along the direction of light propagation.In particular, the rotation can be enhanced by up to nine orders of magnitude compared to the linear case.Faraday effect [ 1 ] is the rotation of the plane of linear light polarization by a medium in a magnetic field applied in the direction of light propagation.In 1898, Macaluso and Corbino eJ, studying absorption spectra of the alkali atoms in the presence of magnetic fields, discovered that the Faraday effect in the vicinity of resonance absorption lines also had a distinct resonant character.The essence of the Macaluso-Corbino effect can be illustrated by considering a simple case of a F= 1 ~ F'=O transition (Fig. 1 ).Linearly polarized light incident on the sample can be resolved into two counter-rotating circular components ( cr~.In the absence of a magnetic field, the M=±l sublevels are degenerate and the optical resonance
Amplitude-modulated nonlinear magneto-optical rotation is a powerful technique that offers a possibility of controllable generation of given quantum states. In this paper, we demonstrate creation and detection of specific ground-state magnetic-sublevel superpositions in 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb. By appropriate tuning of the modulation frequency and magnetic-field induction the efficiency of a given coherence generation is controlled. The processes are analyzed versus different experimental parameters.