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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Localization of atoms in a three-dimensional lattice in momentum space

C. Triché, G. Grynberg

Published Nov 27, 2002• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given.In optical lattices, atoms are located in a periodic structure of micron-size optical potential wells. We present here a situation where the location is found in momentum space. The results described below correspond to an experiment performed with Cs atoms in a four-beam lattice.
DOI
10.1109/iqec.1998.680462

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In optical lattices, we observe spatial periodicity of the potential, which manifests itself in the formation of bands in energy space. Therefore an atom, while moving with a momentum, is allowed to occupy discrete energy values corresponding to these bands. Fascinatingly, rigorous mathematical treatment proves that the interband spaces increase as we increase either the intensity of the optical lattice or the coupling between the atom and the optical lattice, or both. Next, we study the characteristics of atomic dynamics in optical lattices.
Quantization of atomic motion is observed in two- and three-dimensional cesium optical molasses by stimulated Raman spectroscopy. A new geometry is used with the minimum number of laser beams, so that the topography of the optical potential is not sensitive to phase drifts of the molasses beams. The deepest potential wells are located on a hexagonal lattice in two dimensions and on a body-centered-cubic lattice in three dimensions. They correspond to purely circularly polarized light, allowing a Lamb-Dicke narrowing of the transitions between vibrational levels to occur.
We present direct experimental evidence for the localization of atoms cooled and trapped in a three- dimensional optical superlattice. As in the case of solid-state superlattices, we are able to tailor the characteristics of the optical potential wells. In particular, we impose a long-range modulation to the depth of the potential wells whose size remains in the optical wavelength range. The cooling mechanism in this configuration accumulates the atoms in the deepest wells. Images of the resulting separated denser atomic planes (distance $\ensuremath{\simeq}70$ $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$) have been obtained both by detecting the fluorescence and by observing the shadow of the cloud.
We present an experimental study of a four-beam optical lattice using the light scattered by the atoms in the lattice. We use both intensity correlations and observations of the transient behaviour of the scattering when the lattice is suddenly switched on. We compare results for three different configurations of the optical lattice. We create situations in which the Lamb–Dicke effect is negligible and show that, in contrast with what has been stated in some of the literature, the damping rate of the ‘coherent’ atomic oscillations can be much longer than the inelastic photon scattering rate.
The electric field intensity of a standing-wave laser field is periodic in space. Due to the ac Stark effect, this gives rise to a spatially periodic potential acting on an atom, as explained in Chapter 4 (see, e.g., Eq. (4.31)). This is the physical principle behind the generation of optical lattices. By superimposing a number of different laser beams it is possible to generate potentials which are periodic in one, two or three dimensions. The suggestion that standing light waves may be used to confine the motion of atoms dates back to 1968 and is due to Letokhov. The first experimental realization of an optical lattice was achieved in 1987 for a classical gas of cesium atoms. The study of atoms in such potentials has many different facets. At the simplest level, it is possible to study the energy band structure of atoms moving in these potentials and to explore experimentally a number of effects that are difficult to observe for electrons in the periodic lattice of a solid. Interactions between atoms introduce qualitatively new effects. Within mean-field theory, which applies when the number of atoms in the vicinity of a single minimum of the potential is sufficiently large, one finds that interatomic interactions give rise to novel features in the band structure. These include multivaluedness of the energy for a given band and states possessing a periodicity different from that of the optical lattice.