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Communications in Theoretical Physics

Superfluidity of Paired Bosons from Correlated Tunneling

Shi-Jie Yang

Published Oct 1, 2009• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study superfluidity of paired Bosonic atoms in optical lattices. The atoms have strong repulsive on-site energy. Single atom tunneling is severely suppressed while the atom-pair may co-tunnel by the second order quantum transition, which induces paired superfluidity as repulsive nearest-neighbor interactions are included. The mean-field phase diagram and low energy excitations are explored for a square lattice system.

DOI
10.1088/0253-6102/52/4/11

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We study superfluidity of paired Bosonic atoms in optical lattices. The atoms have strong repulsive on-site energy. Single atom tunneling is severely suppressed while the atom-pair may co-tunnel by the second order quantum transition, which induces paired superfluidity as repulsive nearest-neighbor interactions are included. The mean-field phase diagram and low energy excitations are explored for a square lattice system.
We studied the superfluidity of strongly repulsive fermionic atoms in optical lattices. Atoms are paired through a correlated tunneling mechanism, which induces superfluidity when repulsive nearest-neighbor interactions are included in the Hubbard model. This paired superfluid is a metastable state, which persists for a long time as the pair-broken process is severely suppressed. The mean-field phase diagram and low-energy excitations are investigated in a square lattice system. Intriguingly, spontaneous superflows may appear in the ground state of a triangular optical lattice system due to antiferromagnetic frustration.
We investigate the formation of paired states of bosons in an optical lattice, namely, pair superfluid (PSF) and pair supersolid (PSS) in the presence of pair hopping as well as the next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) interaction mimicking long-range forces. Both the zero- and finite-temperature phase diagrams are obtained using the cluster mean-field theory, which includes the effect of correlations systematically. We also compute the low-energy excitations, which capture the characteristic features of such paired states and their transitions. Apart from the gapless sound mode due to the PSF order, a gapped mode also appears in the PSF phase, similar to the Higgs mode of the usual atomic superfluid (ASF). The PSF to ASF transition exhibits an intriguing behavior due to the existence of a ``tricritical'' point, where the nature of transition changes. As a consequence of the continuous PSF-ASF transition, the gapped mode of both the phases becomes gapless at the critical point. For sufficiently strong NNN interaction strength, a PSS phase appears with coexisting pair superfluidity and stripe density order. The softening of the roton mode as a precursor of density ordering and the appearance of a low-energy gapped mode serve as robust features related to the formation of the PSS phase. We also investigate the melting of PSF and PSS phases to normal fluid at finite temperatures, particularly the melting pathway of PSS, which occurs in at least two steps due to the coexisting orders. Finally, we discuss the possibility of emulating such exotic phases in the ongoing cold atom experiments.
We show that atom-molecule coupling with large detuning can cause effective hopping of pairs of bosonic atoms in a state-dependent optical lattice. Taking advantage of the high controllability of all relevant parameters in such systems, we discuss the pair-superfluid (PSF) to Mott insulator (MI) transition using the effective model within mean-field theory. In the presence of on-site disorder, simultaneous tunneling of bosonic atoms can result in a compressible weak Mott insulating phase. We have also investigated the coexistence of superfluid (SF) and PSF in the lattice, and found that the competition between the two hopping mechanisms can cause a first-order PSF(SF)-MI transition.
We propose a Hamiltonian of ultracold spinless atom in optical lattices including the two-body interaction of nearest neighbors, which reduces to the Bose-Hubbard model in weak-interaction limit. An atom-pair hopping term appearing in the Hamiltonian explains naturally the recent experimental observation of correlated tunneling in a double-well trap with strong atom-atom interactions and moreover leads to a dynamic process of atom-pair tunneling where strongly interacting atoms can tunnel back and forth as a fragmented pair. Finally a dynamics of oscillations induced by the atom-pair tunneling is found in the strong interaction regime, where the Bose-Hubbard model gives rise to the insulator state with fixed time-averaged value of atom-occupation number only. Quantum phase transitions between two quantum phases characterized by degenerate and nondegenerate ground states are shown to be coinciding with the Landau second-order phase-transition theory. In the system of finite atom number the degeneracy of ground states can be removed by quantum tunneling for the even number of atoms but not for the odd number.
We investigate a system of two- and three-body constrained dipolar bosons in a pair of one-dimensional optical lattices coupled to each other by nonlocal dipole-dipole interactions. Assuming attractive dipole-dipole interactions, we obtain the ground-state phase diagram of the system by employing the cluster mean-field theory. The competition between the repulsive on-site and attractive nearest-neighbor interactions between the chains yields three kinds of superfluids, namely, the trimer superfluid, the pair superfluid, and the usual single-particle superfluid along with the insulating Mott phase at the commensurate density. Additionally, we realize the simultaneous existence of Mott insulator and superfluid phases for the two- and three-body constrained bosons, respectively. We also analyze the stability of these quantum phases in the presence of a harmonic trap potential.