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New Journal of Physics

Entangled-photon six-state quantum cryptography

Daphna G. Enzer, Phillip G. Hadley, Richard Hughes, Charles G. Peterson, Paul G. Kwiat

Published Jul 12, 2002• 42 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We have implemented the 'six-state' quantum cryptography protocol using polarization-entangled photon pairs, in which the polarization of each photon of a pair is measured in one of three randomly chosen bases. For a given amount of eavesdropping, this protocol results in a larger error rate than in four- or two-state protocols, but reduces the number of key-producing events. We have experimentally investigated several incoherent eavesdropping strategies, and verified the predicted enhancement in error rate. However, we demonstrate that for low error rates, the efficiency for secret key generation is higher when using the four-state protocol.

DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/4/1/345

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We have implemented the 'six-state' quantum cryptography protocol using polarization-entangled photon pairs, in which the polarization of each photon of a pair is measured in one of three randomly chosen bases. For a given amount of eavesdropping, this protocol results in a larger error rate than in four- or two-state protocols, but reduces the number of key-producing events. We have experimentally investigated several incoherent eavesdropping strategies, and verified the predicted enhancement in error rate. However, we demonstrate that for low error rates, the efficiency for secret key generation is higher when using the four-state protocol.
Summary form only given. Quantum cryptography uses single photons to allow secure distribution of secret key material to sender and receiver, without the possibility of an undetected eavesdropper. In the protocol suggested by Ekert, each photon of a quantum-mechanically entangled pair is sent to the sender and receiver, who randomly measure the polarization in various bases. If the bases are the same, then sender and receiver will have completely correlated measurement results, which become the shared secret key. Other combinations of measurements are used to test Bell's inequalities, which limit the possible correlations achievable with any local realistic theory. The presence of an intermediate eavesdropper can be readily detected by an inability to violate Bell's inequality. Using the polarization-entangled photon pairs from a novel spontaneous parametric down-conversion source, we have experimentally implemented. Ekert's proposal.
By realizing a quantum cryptography system based on polarization entangled photon pairs we establish highly secure keys, because a single photon source is approximated and the inherent randomness of quantum measurements is exploited. We implement a novel key distribution scheme using Wigner's inequality to test the security of the quantum channel, and, alternatively, realize a variant of the BB84 protocol. Our system has two completely independent users separated by 360 m, and generates raw keys at rates of 400-800 bits/s with bit error rates around 3%.
We propose a double-entanglement-based quantum cryptography protocol that is both efficient and deterministic. The proposal uses photon pairs with entanglement both in polarization and in time degrees of freedom; each measurement in which both of the two communicating parties register a photon can establish one and only one perfect correlation, and thus deterministically create a key bit. Eavesdropping can be detected by violation of local realism. A variation of the protocol shows a higher security, similar to the six-state protocol, under individual attacks. Our scheme allows a robust implementation under the current technology.
In single-qubit quantum secret sharing, a secret is shared between NNN parties via manipulation and measurement of one qubit at a time. Each qubit is sent to all NNN parties in sequence; the secret is encoded in the first participant's preparation of the qubit state and the subsequent participants' choices of state rotation or measurement basis. We present a protocol for single-qubit quantum secret sharing using polarization entanglement of photon pairs produced in type-I spontaneous parametric downconversion. We investigate the protocol's security against eavesdropping attack under common experimental conditions: a lossy channel for photon transmission, and imperfect preparation of the initial qubit state. A protocol which exploits entanglement between photons, rather than simply polarization correlation, is more robustly secure. We implement the entanglement-based secret-sharing protocol with 87% secret-sharing fidelity, limited by the purity of the entangled state produced by our present apparatus. We demonstrate a photon-number splitting eavesdropping attack, which achieves no success against the entanglement-based protocol while showing the predicted rate of success against a correlation-based protocol.
Using polarization-entangled photons from spontaneous parametric down-conversion, we have implemented Ekert's quantum cryptography protocol. The near-perfect correlations of the photons allow the sharing of a secret key between two parties. The presence of an eavesdropper is continually checked by measuring Bell's inequalities. We investigated several possible eavesdropper strategies, including pseudo-quantum-nondemolition measurements. In all cases, the eavesdropper's presence was readily apparent. We discuss a procedure to increase her detectability.