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IEEE Transactions on Information Theory

Interior Point Decoding for Linear Vector Channels Based on Convex Optimization

Tadashi Wadayama

Published Sep 15, 2010• 34 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In the present paper, a novel decoding algorithm for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes based on convex optimization is presented. The decoding algorithm, which is referred to hereinafter as interior point decoding, is designed for linear vector channels. The linear vector channels include several practically important channels, such as inter-symbol interference channels and partial response (PR) channels. It is shown that the maximum likelihood decoding (MLD) rule for a linear vector channel can be relaxed to a convex optimization problem, which is called a relaxed MLD problem. The proposed decoding algorithm is based on a numerical optimization technique known as the interior point method with barrier functions. Approximate variations of an interior point method based on the gradient descent and Newton methods are used to solve the relaxed MLD problem. Compared with a conventional joint message-passing decoder, from computer simulations, it is observed that the proposed decoding algorithm achieves better BER performance on PR channels with less decoding complexity in several cases. Furthermore, an extension of the proposed algorithm for high-order modulation formats, such as PAM and QAM, is presented.

DOI
10.1109/tit.2010.2060030

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In the present paper, a novel decoding algorithm for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes based on convex optimization is presented. The decoding algorithm, which is referred to hereinafter as interior point decoding, is designed for linear vector channels. The linear vector channels include several practically important channels, such as inter-symbol interference channels and partial response (PR) channels. It is shown that the maximum likelihood decoding (MLD) rule for a linear vector channel can be relaxed to a convex optimization problem, which is called a relaxed MLD problem. The proposed decoding algorithm is based on a numerical optimization technique known as the interior point method with barrier functions. Approximate variations of an interior point method based on the gradient descent and Newton methods are used to solve the relaxed MLD problem. Compared with a conventional joint message-passing decoder, from computer simulations, it is observed that the proposed decoding algorithm achieves better BER performance on PR channels with less decoding complexity in several cases. Furthermore, an extension of the proposed algorithm for high-order modulation formats, such as PAM and QAM, is presented.
In this paper, a novel decoding algorithm for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes based on convex optimization is presented. The decoding algorithm, called interior point decoding, is designed for linear vector channels. The linear vector channels include many practically important channels such as inter symbol interference channels, partial response channels and MIMO channels. It is shown that the maximum likelihood decoding (MLD) rule for a linear vector channel can be relaxed to a convex optimization problem, which is called a relaxed MLD problem. Approximate variations of gradient descent and Newton methods are used to solve the convex optimization problem.
In this paper, a novel decoding algorithm for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes based on convex optimization is presented. The decoding algorithm, called interior point decoding , is designed for linear vector channels. The linear vector channels include many practically important channels such as inter-symbol interference channels and partial response channels. It is shown that the maximum likelihood decoding (MLD) rule for a linear vector channel can be relaxed to a convex optimization problem, which is called a relaxed MLD problem .
The linear programming (LP) decoding of Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codes is widely concerned for its maximum likelihood (ML) features. It is that the ML decoding rule for LDPC codes can be relaxed to LP optimization problem. Therefore, this paper focus on an efficient algorithm called infeasible primal-dual interior-point (IPDIP) to solve the LP problem. In each iteration, the IPDIP algorithm obtains the predictor and corrector steps by solving the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) equation twice. The predictor term is used to responsible for optimal solution and the corrector term keeps the current iteration away from the boundary of the feasible region. Furthermore, a modification of the centering parameter is developed to accelerate the convergence speed for the IPDIP algorithm. Simulation results of LP decoding demonstrate that the proposed IPDIP algorithm achieves beautiful bit error rate (BER) performance and good global convergence properties with less iteration number and time than other algorithms which only solve the KKT equation once by Newton method or use the not modified centering parameter.
While linear programming (LP) decoding provides more flexibility for finite-length performance analysis than iterative message-passing (IMP) decoding, it is computationally more complex to implement in its original form, due to both the large size of the relaxed LP problem and the inefficiency of using general-purpose LP solvers. This paper explores ideas for fast LP decoding of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. By modifying the previously reported Adaptive LP decoding scheme to allow removal of unnecessary constraints, we first prove that LP decoding can be performed by solving a number of LP problems that each contains at most one linear constraint derived from each of the parity-check constraints. By exploiting this property, we study a sparse interior-point implementation for solving this sequence of linear programs. Since the most complex part of each iteration of the interior-point algorithm is the solution of a (usually ill-conditioned) system of linear equations for finding the step direction, we propose a preconditioning algorithm to facilitate solving such systems iteratively. The proposed preconditioning algorithm is similar to the encoding procedure of LDPC codes, and we demonstrate its effectiveness via both analytical methods and computer simulation results.
In this paper, a hybrid decoding algorithm for finite-geometry low-density parity-check (FG-LDPC) codes is proposed. The algorithm is based on the interior point method with barrier function introduced by Wadayama. First, an efficient implementation of Wadayama's algorithm is presented. The main idea behind the modification is to approximate the barrier function for the fundamental polytope defining the code so that it contains only one linear constraint for each of the parity-check constraints. A two-stage hybrid decoding which combines the interior point decoding (IPD) and a low-complexity decoding algorithm for FG-LDPC codes is then proposed. In the first stage, the interior point decoding is used to generate a search point. If the first stage decoding fails, the decoding is continued by the low-complexity algorithm that is initialized by the result of the IPD. Compared with a conventional iterative message-passing (IMP) decoder, the proposed hybrid algorithm achieves better bit-error rate (BER) and frame-error rate (FER) for small block lengths at medium to high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
While linear programming (LP) decoding provides more flexibility for finite-length performance analysis than iterative message-passing (IMP) decoding, it is computationally more complex to implement in its original form, due to both the large size of the relaxed LP problem, and the inefficiency of using general-purpose LP solvers. This paper explores ideas for fast LP decoding of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. We first prove, by modifying the previously reported Adaptive LP decoding scheme to allow removal of unnecessary constraints, that LP decoding can be performed by solving a number of LP problems that contain at most one linear constraint derived from each of the parity-check constraints. By exploiting this property, we study a sparse interior-point implementation for solving this sequence of linear programs. Since the most complex part of each iteration of the interior-point algorithm is the solution of a (usually ill-conditioned) system of linear equations for finding the step direction, we propose a preconditioning algorithm to facilitate iterative solution of such systems. The proposed preconditioning algorithm is similar to the encoding procedure of LDPC codes, and we demonstrate its effectiveness via both analytical methods and computer simulation results.