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IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT)

Noise tolerance of the BB84 protocol with random privacy amplification

Shun Watanabe, Ryutaroh Matsumoto, R. Uyematsu

Published Jan 1, 2005• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper shows that the BB84 protocol with random privacy amplification is secure with a higher key rate than Mayers' estimate with the same error rate. Consequently, the tolerable error rate of this protocol is increased from 7.5% to 11%. We also extend this method to the case of estimating error rates separately in each basis, which enables us to securely share a longer key.

DOI
10.1109/isit.2005.1523492

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This paper shows that the BB84 protocol with random privacy amplification is secure with a higher key rate than Mayers' estimate with the same error rate. Consequently, the tolerable error rate of this protocol is increased from 7.5% to 11%. We also extend this method to the case of estimating error rates separately in each basis, which enables us to securely share a longer key.
This paper shows that the random privacy amplification is secure with a higher key rate than Mayers' evaluation at the same error rate in the BB84 protocol with one-way or two-way classical communications. There exists only Mayers' evaluation on the secure key rate with random privacy amplification that is applicable to the BB84 protocol with two-way classical communications. Our result improves the secure key rate of the random privacy amplification in the BB84 protocol with two-way classical communications.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables secure communication using the principles of quantum physics. The BB84 protocol is not only effective for secure key sharing but also for detecting eavesdropping. This study simulates a computational model of QKD and analyzes error rates under varying numbers of bits. Using Python-based simulations with n = 10, n = 100, and n = 1000 bits, and a fixed noise probability of 0.02, we evaluated scenarios both with and without eavesdropping over 1000 trials. The results show an average error rate of 2% without eavesdropping and over 26% with eavesdropping. Standard deviation increases with lower n, indicating higher variability. This study validates BB84’s robustness under noise and demonstrates its sensitivity to third-party interference.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a method that enables secure communication between two parties by applying the ideas of quantum physics. By minimizing information leakage that can happen during the key generation process, privacy amplification is a technique used to improve the security of QKD. The technique involves processing the raw key obtained from QKD through a randomization procedure to remove any residual information that may have been leaked during the quantum transmission. While privacy amplification can significantly improve the security of QKD, the effectiveness of the technique is limited by the quality of the initial raw key. The BB84 QKD protocol has been improved with the proposed En-BB84 protocol, which includes built-in authentication and integrity checks. The En-BB84 protocol ensures secure distribution of secret keys and protects against tampering by attackers. Key distillation and error correction techniques are employed to extract a shorter, more secure shared secret key and correct errors introduced during qubit transmission. The protocol utilizes a four-state QKD approach, expanding on the traditional two-state scheme of BB84. A simulation of the En-BB84 protocol is demonstrated using a quantum circuit implemented with Qiskit in Python. The circuit employs various gates and operations, including Hadamard, CX, controlled swap, and RZ gates, to achieve encoding and error correction. Furthermore, we have designed a better protocol with improved error rates by incorporating improvisations on the BB84 protocol. Experimental results indicate the successful integration of the B92 error correction scheme into the modified BB84 protocol, enhancing the security and performance of QKD systems.