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IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity

THz Generation Using Fluxon Dynamics in High Temperature Superconductors

N. F. Pedersen, S. Madsen

Published Jun 1, 2009• 31 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We consider THz emission due to fluxon dynamics in a stack of inductively coupled long Josephson junctions connected electrically to a resonant cavity. By comparing to experiments on Josephson junction parametric amplifiers we consider the role of a negative resistance in connection with THz emission experiments. We suggest that indeed the negative resistance has a big influence on the experimental results.

DOI
10.1109/tasc.2009.2018770

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•Jan 1, 2001•0 citations
We consider THz emission due to fluxon dynamics in a stack of inductively coupled long Josephson junctions connected electrically to a resonant cavity. By comparing to experiments on Josephson junction parametric amplifiers we consider the role of a negative resistance in connection with THz emission experiments. We suggest that indeed the negative resistance has a big influence on the experimental results.
high-temperature superconductor represent stacks of atomic scale intrinsic Josephson junctions. They can be used for generation of high-frequency electromagnetic waves. Here we analyze Josephson emission from small-but-high mesas (with a small area, but containing many stacked junctions). We have found strong evidence for tunable terahertz emission with a good efficacy in a record high-frequency span 1-11 THz, approaching the theoretical upper limit for this superconductor. Emission maxima correspond to in-phase cavity modes in the mesas, indicating coherent superradiant nature of the emission. We conclude that terahertz emission requires a threshold number of junctions N ~ 100. The threshold behavior is not present in the classical description of stacked Josephson junctions and suggests importance of laser-like cascade amplification of the photon number in the cavity.
Intense and coherent terahertz electromagnetic wave (THz-wave) emission from the intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs) in single crystalline high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi-2212) was reported in 2007 [L. Ozyuzer \\textit{et al}., Science \\textbf{318}, (2007) 1291.]. In the present work, we demonstrate the relationship between the bias condition and the resonance state by controlling both the applied voltage, V, and the number of resistive junctions, N. We directly observed that if N junctions are in resistive state, the resonance frequency, fJ, varies in accordance with the ac-Josephson relation; fJ = (2|e|/h)V/N, although frequency fJ has previously been thought to be uniquely determined by the geometrical condition due to the cavity resonance effect [M. Tsujimoto \\textit{et al}., Phys. Rev. Lett. \\textbf{105}, (2010) 037005.]. We also found that the emission intensity varies as a function of both fJ and N. *CREST-JST, WPI-MANA, Strategic Initiative A (University of Tsukuba)
Studies on intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs) of cuprate superconductors are reviewed. A system consisting of a few IJJs provides phenomena to test the Josephson phase dynamics and its interaction between adjacent IJJs within a nanometer scale, which is unique to cuprate superconductors. Quasiparticle density of states, which provides direct information on the Cooper-pair formation, is also revealed in the system. In contrast, Josephson plasma emission, which is an electromagnetic wave radiation in the sub-terahertz frequency range from an IJJ stack, arises from the synchronous phase dynamics of hundreds of IJJs coupled globally. This review summarizes a wide range of physical phenomena in IJJ systems having capacitive and inductive couplings with different nanometer and micrometer length scales, respectively.
We investigate the response of a stack of intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs) to terahertz (THz) electromagnetic (EM) irradiation. A significant amplification of the EM wave can be achieved by the IJJs stack when the incident frequency equals to one of the cavity frequencies. The irradiation excites $\ensuremath{\pi}$-phase kinks in the junctions, which stimulate the cavity resonance when the bias voltage is tuned. A large amount of dc energy is then pumped into the Josephson plasma oscillation and the incident wave gets amplified. From the profound current step in IVIVIV characteristics induced at the cavity resonance, the system can also be used for detection of the THz wave.
Josephson junctions made from high temperature superconductors (HTS) are active high frequency devices which can be used as oscillators or frequency mixers in the submillimeter-wave region. The frequencies of these electromagnetic waves range from 300 GHz up to 3 THz. Up to now, this wave band is a relatively unexploited region of the electromagnetic spectrum because it is very difficult to produce and detect submillimeter-waves. However, submillimeter-wave technologies are becoming important in many practical scientific applications such as radio astronomy, atmospheric research, plasma diagnostics and THz-imaging, recently. In this work, the behaviour HTS Josephson junctions have been investigated experimentally and theoretically with the aim to THz-applications. In the first part the behaviour of intrinsic Josephson junction stacks are measured, and the possibility of phase locking is discussed by the theoretical analysis of two different shunt technologies depending on the parameter spread of the junction and the shunt parameters. It could be shown that stacks made from sputtered BSCCO layers does not act as intrinsic Josephson junction arrays because of their many micro shorts resulting from the layer growth. However, the stacks made from sputtered TBCCO show clear intrinsic Josephson junction behaviour. But their quasiparticle branches in the current-voltage characteristic deviate from the behaviour predicted by the common used RCSJ model. These branches can be discussed within a tunneling model using d-wave superconductor density of states. A temperature dependent current distribution and a zero bias anomaly was found. Furthermore, the coherent behaviour is studied for intrinsic arrays with additional side-wall shunts. The existence of thresholds of phase locking at especial junction and shunt parameters are demonstrated and discussed in regard to THz-oscillator applications. It was found that the Josephson junctions in a stack can be phase locked even if they have a parameter spread in the critical current up to 15% using a resonant shunt. In the second part of this work the mixing properties of HTS bicrystal Josephson junctions as wave guide mixers for 115 and 345 GHz have been investigated. (orig.)