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Frontiers in Optics

Non-Classicality of Resonance Fluorescence by Conditional Homodyne Detection

H. M. Castro-Beltrán, E. R. Marquina-Cruz

Published Jan 1, 2006• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study amplitude-intensity correlations of the fluorescence of the weak and strong transitions of a V-type three-level atom. The weak transition has asymmetric fluctuations and violates classical inequalities by orders of magnitude.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2006.jwd127

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Conditional homodyne detection (CHD) allows a fresh view of the nonclassicality of optical fields. A balanced homodyne detector replaces a photodetector in the Hanbury-Brown-Twiss setup of photon correlations, thus measuring a quadrature (amplitude) of the field on the cue of a photon detection. In CHD, both quadratures of a quantum field violate classical inequalities even if photon correlations look classical. We calculate the amplitude-intensity correlations for the resonance fluorescence of a two-level atom and a three-level atom in the V configuration, notable producers of quantum effects (antibunching, squeezing, and sub-Poissonian statistics). In the V atom, where we consider that the ground state is coupled strongly (weakly) to a short (long) lived state, the strong transition resembles the two-level atom features, albeit with larger oscillations and a slower decay. However, the autocorrelation of the fluorescence of the weak transition is clearly asymmetric around a zero delay, indicating the breakdown of detailed balance, and violating the inequalities by orders of magnitude due to the low photon flux. Cross correlations of strong and weak channels also display antibunching and the loss of bounds.
Abstract We study phase-dependent fluctuations of the resonance fluorescence of a single Λ-type three-level atom in the regime near coherent population trapping, i.e. alongside the two-photon detuning condition. To this end, we employ the method of conditional homodyne detection (CHD) which considers squeezing in the weak driving regime, and extends to non-Gaussian fluctuations for saturating and strong fields. In this framework, and using estimated parameter settings of the resonance fluorescence of a single trapped 138 Ba + ion, the light scattered from the probe transitions is found to manifest a non-classical character and conspicuous asymmetric third-order fluctuations in the amplitude-intensity correlation of CHD.
In this paper, we show theoretically that the fields scattered by a bichromatically driven V-type three-level atom exhibit large and asymmetric amplitude–intensity correlations. These features result from the different fluctuations of the amplitude and intensity field operators and the competition among transitions. The amplitude–intensity correlations of resonance fluorescence, with its large third-order fluctuations, describe phase-dependent nonclassical features of the emitted field in addition to the second-order measure related to squeezing. We also calculate spectra and variances of these correlations and intensity–intensity correlations, which provide a wealth of supporting information.
Using master equation and quantum Monte Carlo wavefunction approaches, we study the circumstances surrounding the emergence and degradation of the elusive squeezing of fluctuations in two-level atom resonance fluorescence. For its measurement we suggest conditional homodyne detection (CHD) [G.T. Foster, L.A. Orozco, H.M. Castro-Beltran, H.J. Carmichael, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, pp. 3149-3152, 2000], which is nearly independent of detector efficiencies, which have harmed previous attemps. Squeezing in resonance fluorescence requires a weak laser, so the average interval between emitted photons is much longer than the regression time to the steady state; here, the spectrum of the out-of-phase quadrature is a negative peak. In CHD, moderate fields generate a non-zero third-order correlation in the dipole fluctuations that contaminates squeezing, making the noise non- Gaussian. If the probability to emit two and even three close photons is still small the additional contribution is also negative, helping to make the full spectrum a bit larger and easier to measure. Strong driving spreads the photoemission distribution, which destroys squeezing, and the third order fluctuations become responsible for the non-classicality of the fluorescence.