Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS)

Diode laser linewidth and phase noise to intensity noise conversion in the gas-cell atomic clock

John G. Coffer, James C. Camparo

Published Nov 27, 2002• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In order to clarify the mechanism of increased laser relative intensity noise (RIN) in the diode laser pumped gas-cell atomic clock, we have performed experiments examining the influence of laser linewidth, /spl Delta/v/sub L/, on RIN. Our measurements are consistent with the phase noise (PM) to intensity noise (AM) conversion theory: laser phase fluctuations induce fluctuations in the absorption cross section of the atomic vapor and these yield fluctuations in the transmitted intensity of the laser. In the experiments, transmitted RIN of a beam from a 100 kHz linewidth diode laser was compared with that from a 60 MHz linewidth diode laser after each was passed through a cell containing natural rubidium vapor. We present some results of computational theory showing that for laser linewidths less than the atomic dephasing rate of the atomic vapor, RIN is proportional to /spl radic/(/spl Delta/v/sub L/); however, for laser linewidths greater than the atomic dephasing rate RIN is a decreasing function of /spl Delta/v/sub L/.

DOI
10.1109/freq.1998.717879

Related papers

Conversion of laser phase noise to amplitude noise in a resonant atomic vapor: The role of laser linewidth

James C. Camparo, John G. Coffer

When laser light propagates through a resonant medium, the transmitted beam can exhibit excess intensity noise [amplitude modulation (AM)]. In a semiclassical description of the phenomenon, laser phase noise (PM) induces fluctuations in the medium's electric susceptibility, which in turn cause fluctuations in the transmitted intensity. The process provides an efficient means for PM-to-AM conversion, and intuition suggests that large linewidth lasers should exhibit much greater PM-to-AM conversion than narrow linewidth lasers. Here we measure the relative intensity noise (RIN) for two diode lasers whose linewidths $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{L}$ differ by more than ${10}^{2},$ after the lasers have propagated through a resonant rubidium vapor. Though the RIN of the narrow linewidth laser is only reduced by a factor of about 6 compared to the broad linewidth laser, our results are nonetheless consistent with numerical simulations of the PM-to-AM conversion process. In particular, both computation and analytical theory indicate that RIN is a nonlinear function of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{L}.$ For single-mode laser linewidths less than the atomic dephasing rate, RIN increases like $\sqrt{\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{L}},$ while for linewidths greater than the atomic dephasing rate RIN is a decreasing function of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{L}.$

Physical Review A•Jan 1, 1999•110 citations

Laser PM to AM conversion in atomic vapors and short term clock stability

James C. Camparo, Walter F. Buell

The optically thick vapors employed in gas-cell atomic clocks provide for very efficient conversion of laser phase noise (PM) to amplitude noise (AM). Here, we discuss the role of PM to AM conversion in determining gas-cell clock performance. First, a brief overview of the PM to AM conversion process will be given, highlighting the fact that laser phase noise creates fluctuations in the atom's optical absorption cross-section which have an exponential influence on the laser's transmitted intensity. Experimental results will then be presented showing that the PM to AM conversion process can increase the relative intensity noise of transmitted laser light by orders of magnitude, and that this can, under certain conditions, cause laser-pumped clock performance to be poorer than lamp-pumped clock performance.

Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS)•Nov 22, 2002•19 citations

Conversion of laser phase noise to amplitude noise in an optically thick vapor

James C. Camparo

As laser light propagates through a resonant vapor, laser phase noise (PM) is converted to laser intensity noise (AM) because of the sensitivity of atomic coherence to laser phase fluctuations. In experiments reported here it is shown that this PM-to-AM conversion process is highly efficient and can cause the relative intensity noise of transmitted diode laser light to be 1 to 2 orders of magnitude larger than the laser’s intrinsic relative intensity noise. By use of a semiclassical description of the phenomenon, including the effect of optical pumping, reasonably good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained. The PM-to-AM conversion process discussed here has important consequences for atomic clock development, in which diode-laser optical pumping in thick alkali vapors holds the promise for orders-of-magnitude improvement in atomic clock performance.

Journal of the Optical Society of America B•Mar 1, 1998•82 citations

Collisional dephasing and the reduction of laser phase-noise to amplitude-noise conversion in a resonant atomic vapor

John G. Coffer, M. Anderson, James C. Camparo

When resonant laser light passes through a vapor, the laser's intrinsic phase fluctuations induce random variations in the atomic coherence, which in turn give rise to fluctuations in the medium's absorption cross section. Hence, laser phase modulation noise (PM) is converted to transmitted laser intensity (i.e., amplitude) modulation noise (AM). Here, we consider the influence of collisional dephasing on the PM-to-AM conversion process. Specifically, we measure the relative intensity noise of a diode laser beam, resonant with the Rb ${D}_{1}$ transition at 794.7 nm, after it has passed through a ${\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}/{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ vapor as a function of nitrogen number density. Our results demonstrate that when collisional dephasing is very rapid, the spectral density of cross-section fluctuations is reduced, so that there is a significant decrease in the efficiency of PM-to-AM conversion at low Fourier frequencies. These results imply that, in general, when laser PM-to-AM conversion is the dominant noise process, pressure broadening can actually increase spectroscopic sensitivity.

Physical Review A•Feb 6, 2002•40 citations

Fluctuations in the process of resonant atomic absorption: laser phase-noise to amplitude-noise conversion

James C. Camparo

In the weak-field limit, resonant absorption is viewed as a passive process: an optical field impinges on an atom, and within some cross-sectional area the atom has a high probability for absorbing the radiant energy. Absorption, however, is a dynamic process. Consequently, though a singlemode laser is highly monochromatic, the field's phase noise (i.e., quantum noise) generates fluctuations in the atom's absorption cross section. Laser phase noise (PM) thereby gives rise to absorption cross-section noise, and hence fluctuations in the medium's transmitted light intensity (AM). Following a brief overview of the PM-to-AM conversion process, we consider the role of collisions on PM-to-AM conversion efficiency in the weak-field regime. Specifically, the relative-intensity-noise of a diode laser, tuned to the Rb D1 transition, was measured after it passed through a rubidium/nitrogen vapor. Varying the nitrogen pressure, we found that rapid collisional dephasing decreased the efficiency of PM-to-AM conversion. Examining the rubidium hyperfine transition lineshape as a function of nitrogen pressure, we then found that pressure-broadening increased the transition's signal-to-noise ratio when limited by the PM-to-AM conversion process.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•May 16, 2003•0 citations

Reducing PM-to-AM Noise Conversion in Atomic Vapors

Kaitlin Harpenau, Nathaniel Ristoff, James C. Camparo

Laser phase noise (PM) to transmitted intensity noise (AM) conversion is a fundamental aspect of the field/matter interaction, and a major noise process that limits the frequency stability of next-generation atomic clocks. It arises from the absorption cross section’s dependence on laser phase and is especially pernicious for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) given their relatively broad singlemode linewidths (e.g., 40 MHz). This is unfortunate, since VCSELs (with their very low operating power and low probability for mode hops) are otherwise ideal for quantum devices. Here, we demonstrate that atomic spectroscopy with N VCSELs reduces the total PM-to-AM noise by a factor of ~N1/2. Consequently, atomic clocks with (for example) five VCSELs would have a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR5) approximately 120% higher than the same device operating with one VCSEL (SNR1) at the same total power: SNR5/SNR1≌ 2.2.

IEEE Open Journal of Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control•Jan 1, 2026•0 citations
In order to clarify the mechanism of increased laser relative intensity noise (RIN) in the diode laser pumped gas-cell atomic clock, we have performed experiments examining the influence of laser linewidth, /spl Delta/v/sub L/, on RIN. Our measurements are consistent with the phase noise (PM) to intensity noise (AM) conversion theory: laser phase fluctuations induce fluctuations in the absorption cross section of the atomic vapor and these yield fluctuations in the transmitted intensity of the laser. In the experiments, transmitted RIN of a beam from a 100 kHz linewidth diode laser was compared with that from a 60 MHz linewidth diode laser after each was passed through a cell containing natural rubidium vapor. We present some results of computational theory showing that for laser linewidths less than the atomic dephasing rate of the atomic vapor, RIN is proportional to /spl radic/(/spl Delta/v/sub L/); however, for laser linewidths greater than the atomic dephasing rate RIN is a decreasing function of /spl Delta/v/sub L/.
When laser light propagates through a resonant medium, the transmitted beam can exhibit excess intensity noise [amplitude modulation (AM)]. In a semiclassical description of the phenomenon, laser phase noise (PM) induces fluctuations in the medium's electric susceptibility, which in turn cause fluctuations in the transmitted intensity. The process provides an efficient means for PM-to-AM conversion, and intuition suggests that large linewidth lasers should exhibit much greater PM-to-AM conversion than narrow linewidth lasers. Here we measure the relative intensity noise (RIN) for two diode lasers whose linewidths $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{L}$ differ by more than 102,{10}^{2},102, after the lasers have propagated through a resonant rubidium vapor. Though the RIN of the narrow linewidth laser is only reduced by a factor of about 6 compared to the broad linewidth laser, our results are nonetheless consistent with numerical simulations of the PM-to-AM conversion process. In particular, both computation and analytical theory indicate that RIN is a nonlinear function of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{L}.$ For single-mode laser linewidths less than the atomic dephasing rate, RIN increases like $\sqrt{\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{L}},$ while for linewidths greater than the atomic dephasing rate RIN is a decreasing function of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\nu}}_{L}.$
The optically thick vapors employed in gas-cell atomic clocks provide for very efficient conversion of laser phase noise (PM) to amplitude noise (AM). Here, we discuss the role of PM to AM conversion in determining gas-cell clock performance. First, a brief overview of the PM to AM conversion process will be given, highlighting the fact that laser phase noise creates fluctuations in the atom's optical absorption cross-section which have an exponential influence on the laser's transmitted intensity. Experimental results will then be presented showing that the PM to AM conversion process can increase the relative intensity noise of transmitted laser light by orders of magnitude, and that this can, under certain conditions, cause laser-pumped clock performance to be poorer than lamp-pumped clock performance.
As laser light propagates through a resonant vapor, laser phase noise (PM) is converted to laser intensity noise (AM) because of the sensitivity of atomic coherence to laser phase fluctuations. In experiments reported here it is shown that this PM-to-AM conversion process is highly efficient and can cause the relative intensity noise of transmitted diode laser light to be 1 to 2 orders of magnitude larger than the laser’s intrinsic relative intensity noise. By use of a semiclassical description of the phenomenon, including the effect of optical pumping, reasonably good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained. The PM-to-AM conversion process discussed here has important consequences for atomic clock development, in which diode-laser optical pumping in thick alkali vapors holds the promise for orders-of-magnitude improvement in atomic clock performance.
When resonant laser light passes through a vapor, the laser's intrinsic phase fluctuations induce random variations in the atomic coherence, which in turn give rise to fluctuations in the medium's absorption cross section. Hence, laser phase modulation noise (PM) is converted to transmitted laser intensity (i.e., amplitude) modulation noise (AM). Here, we consider the influence of collisional dephasing on the PM-to-AM conversion process. Specifically, we measure the relative intensity noise of a diode laser beam, resonant with the Rb D1{D}_{1}D1​ transition at 794.7 nm, after it has passed through a Rb87/N2{\mathrm{Rb}}^{87}/{\mathrm{N}}_{2}Rb87/N2​ vapor as a function of nitrogen number density. Our results demonstrate that when collisional dephasing is very rapid, the spectral density of cross-section fluctuations is reduced, so that there is a significant decrease in the efficiency of PM-to-AM conversion at low Fourier frequencies. These results imply that, in general, when laser PM-to-AM conversion is the dominant noise process, pressure broadening can actually increase spectroscopic sensitivity.
In the weak-field limit, resonant absorption is viewed as a passive process: an optical field impinges on an atom, and within some cross-sectional area the atom has a high probability for absorbing the radiant energy. Absorption, however, is a dynamic process. Consequently, though a singlemode laser is highly monochromatic, the field's phase noise (i.e., quantum noise) generates fluctuations in the atom's absorption cross section. Laser phase noise (PM) thereby gives rise to absorption cross-section noise, and hence fluctuations in the medium's transmitted light intensity (AM). Following a brief overview of the PM-to-AM conversion process, we consider the role of collisions on PM-to-AM conversion efficiency in the weak-field regime. Specifically, the relative-intensity-noise of a diode laser, tuned to the Rb D1 transition, was measured after it passed through a rubidium/nitrogen vapor. Varying the nitrogen pressure, we found that rapid collisional dephasing decreased the efficiency of PM-to-AM conversion. Examining the rubidium hyperfine transition lineshape as a function of nitrogen pressure, we then found that pressure-broadening increased the transition's signal-to-noise ratio when limited by the PM-to-AM conversion process.
Laser phase noise (PM) to transmitted intensity noise (AM) conversion is a fundamental aspect of the field/matter interaction, and a major noise process that limits the frequency stability of next-generation atomic clocks. It arises from the absorption cross section’s dependence on laser phase and is especially pernicious for vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) given their relatively broad singlemode linewidths (e.g., 40 MHz). This is unfortunate, since VCSELs (with their very low operating power and low probability for mode hops) are otherwise ideal for quantum devices. Here, we demonstrate that atomic spectroscopy with N VCSELs reduces the total PM-to-AM noise by a factor of ~N1/2. Consequently, atomic clocks with (for example) five VCSELs would have a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR5) approximately 120% higher than the same device operating with one VCSEL (SNR1) at the same total power: SNR5/SNR1≌ 2.2.