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Physics Letters A

Analysis of Mach-Zehnder interferometer with two degenerated optical parametric amplifiers

Chung‐In Um, Suc-Kyoung Hong, Kyu-Hwang Yeon

Published Jul 1, 1998• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/s0375-9601(98)00291-6

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The characteristics of the quantum optical complementarity principle and the coherence of the photons generated in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with two degenerate optical parametric amplifiers are analysed. The photon statistics and the phase fluctuation of the combined states are analysed in a homodyning Mach-Zehnder interferometer with two degenerate optical parametric amplifiers. By analysing the photon statistics, the mean-square phase fluctuation and the fringe visibility, the complementarity is considered as a function of the gain and input phase, when the amplified input is a coherent state containing one photon, on average. It is also considered when the input is a number state with one photon.
Generation of squeezed state at telecommunication wavelength has been recently a very interesting issue due to the lowest optical power attenuation of light at a wavelength of 1550 nm in a standard telecommunication fiber. The low-frequency vacuum squeezed state at 1550 nm in combination with fiber based interferometer offers the possibility to implement quantum precision measurement beyond standard quantum limit (SQL). In this paper, we experimentally realize a quantum-enhanced fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (FMZI) for measuring the low-frequency phase modulation signal by using low-frequency vacuum squeezing at 1550 nm. Firstly, the low-frequency vacuum squeezed state at the telecommunication wavelength of 1550 nm is generated by using a degenerate optical parametric oscillator (DOPO). The DOPO is a semi-monolithic construction based on a type I periodically poled KTiOPO4 (PPKTP) crystal and a concave mirror. The pump threshold of DOPO is 270 mW. When the pump power is 120 mW that is below the pump threshold of DOPO and the temperature of PPKTP is controlled at 34.8℃, a vacuum squeezing of 3 dB is generated at an analysis frequency range from 10 kHz to 500 kHz. The quadrature phase vacuum squeezing is obtained by locking the squeezed quadrature angle through using a coherent control scheme, in which two acousto-optic modulators are used to shift the frequency and produce the auxiliary beam acting as a coherent control field. Based on the constructed FMZI, a quantum-enhanced FMZI is realized by injecting the generated low-frequency vacuum squeezed state at 1550 nm into the vacuum channel of FMZI. The relative phase between two injected light fields is locked at π by using the Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) locking technology, and the relative phase between light fields of its arms in FMZI is also locked at π/2 by using the PDH locking technology. When a phase modulation signal at the frequency of 500 kHz is loaded in the signal arm of FMZI, the noise power spectrum of the output from FMZI is measured by a balance homodyne detect system. A 2 dB quantum improvement beyond shot-noise-level at the frequency of 500 kHz is obtained experimentally by using the quantum-enhanced FMZI. The experimental results demonstrate a potential application in quantum precision measurement beyond the SQL based on fiber sensor technique.
This paper provides a theoretical analysis of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) enhanced by optical parametric amplifiers (OPA) placed inside its arms and fed by a coherent input source. Contrary to most cases found in literature, we perform a wider analysis by considering the MZI unbalanced and two internal phase shifts. We discuss the theoretical best-case phase sensitivity of this setup via the quantum Cramér–Rao bound (QCRB) and we consider scenarios having – or not – access to an external phase reference. We also assess the realistic performance of the OPA-enhanced MZI by employing a balanced homodyne detection (asymmetric and symmetric phase shifts) scheme and a difference-intensity detection scheme. We are thus able to find the optimum beam splitter (BS) transmissivity (transmission coefficient) of the first BS via the quantum Fisher information (QFI), while for the second one, we need to take the detection scheme into account. We are able to find these optimal values for all considered scenarios and thus assess the best-case phase sensitivity provided by this setup.