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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Scalable quantum computing in diamond

Philip Hemmer, Jörg Wrachtrup, Fedor Jelezko, Philippe Tamarat, Steven Prawer, Mikhail D. Lukin

Published Feb 8, 2007• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Recent progress toward the development of scalable quantum computers based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond will be described. Scaling is accomplished through the long-range entanglement of few-qubit processing nodes using photons. Local operations within each processing node will be accomplished using electronically switchable dipole-dipole interactions. Significant progress has been made in the control of the optical transitions, enabling us to reach the level required to attempt long-range entanglement. In the meantime, long-term storage and two-qubit operations have been demonstrated using magnetic dipole-dipole coupling to proximal spins that are not nearest neighbors. Significantly, all the processing node demonstration were been done at room temperature where spin lifetimes were found to be exceptionally long.

DOI
10.1117/12.716388

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Recent progress toward the development of scalable quantum computers based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond will be described. Scaling is accomplished through the long-range entanglement of few-qubit processing nodes using photons. Local operations within each processing node will be accomplished using electronically switchable dipole-dipole interactions. Significant progress has been made in the control of the optical transitions, enabling us to reach the level required to attempt long-range entanglement. In the meantime, long-term storage and two-qubit operations have been demonstrated using magnetic dipole-dipole coupling to proximal spins that are not nearest neighbors. Significantly, all the processing node demonstration were been done at room temperature where spin lifetimes were found to be exceptionally long.
We discuss how Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) fabrication techniques can be used to build scalable solid-state quantum computers in diamond with either room temperature operation, or low temperature operation with photonic control. For this discussion we consider nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers where the qubits are electron and/or nuclear spins. To achieve scalability the NV centers are placed in well-defined locations using ion implantation, and are controlled using optical and/or microwave excitation as well as localized static electric and/or magnetic fields.
We are developing solid-state quantum repeaters for long-distance, secure quantum communication networks. These repeaters will combine long-range quantum entanglement, produced by optical measurements, with local few-qubit quantum processing and storage nodes. So far we have demonstrated all the key elements of the local quantum processors using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond. These include multi-qubit entanglement, long storage times, and robustness against multiple re-initialization steps. Significantly, all these local operations were demonstrated at room temperature. Finally, we estimate that single shot readout should be achievable with optical plasmon wire coupling which would open the door to room-temperature few-qubit quantum computers.
The purpose of this project was to develop quantum computing hardware suitable for implementing quantum lattice-gas algorithms, with eventual application to turbulent flow simulations. A number of quantum systems were investigated, including rare-earth dopants in oxide crystals and in II-VI semiconductors. However, in the option year it was decided to concentrate exclusively on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond. Surprising, it was found that NV diamond exhibited the key elements needed to develop few-qubit room-temperature solid-state quantum processing nodes. This included the ability to optically initialize and readout the NV electron spin state, fractional millisecond lifetimes for electron spins, and few-nanosecond electron spin Rabi flops. We also demonstrated the relatively long distance (few nanometer) coupling of a single NV spin to the electron spin of a single substitutional nitrogen (N). To achieve long range optical interconnections and entanglement between nodes, cryogenic cooling will likely still be required to sufficiently narrow the optical absorption lines. To this end we located diamond samples with unusually high purity, and found NV centers in these crystals that exhibited exceptionally narrowband and stable optical lines. We also demonstrated electric field tuning of the optical transition frequency as required for controlling atom-atom and atom-cavity coupling.
In recent years there has been substantial progress in solid-state quantum information demonstrations based on diamond. This ranges from room-temperature multi-qubit quantum registers to spin-photon entanglement to loophole-free Bell tests. Most of these demonstrations are done with the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center. Recently however the silicon-vacancy (SiV) center has shown a much better coupling to photons, owing to the suppression of spectral diffusion. Still more recently the germanium-vacancy (GeV) has shown much higher quantum efficiency the SiV. However there are tradeoffs. In this talk I will review the various options for quantum information devices in diamond. I will also discuss new options for the future, including designer color centers made possible by novel diamond growth techniques.
Point defects in diamond, particularly nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers, have emerged as powerful tools for a broad range of quantum technologies. These defects are promising candidates for quantum information science, serving as deterministic single-photon sources and solid-state quantum memories. They have also been employed as nanoscale quantum sensors to detect various physical quantities, including magnetic fields, electric fields, and temperature, owing to their long spin coherence time at room temperature. Development of these diamond-based quantum technologies has been rapidly boosted by a recent quantum leap in nanofabrication technologies for high-quality single-crystal diamond. Incorporating these color centers into diamond nanostructures with mature integrated photonics provides a promising route to build scalable and practical systems for quantum applications. This review discusses recent progress and challenges in the hybrid integration of diamond color centers on cutting-edge photonic platforms. Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond have emerged as powerful tools for a broad range of quantum technologies. This review discusses recent progress and challenges in the hybrid integration of diamond color centers on cutting-edge photonic platforms.
Nitrogen–vacancy (NV) center in diamond is one of the most promising candidates to implement room temperature quantum computing. In this review, we briefly discuss the working principles and recent experimental progresses of this spin qubit. These results focus on understanding and prolonging center spin coherence, steering and probing spin states with dedicated quantum control techniques, and exploiting the quantum nature of these multi-spin systems, such as superposition and entanglement, to demonstrate the superiority of quantum information processing. Those techniques also stimulate the fast development of NV-based quantum sensing, which is an interdisciplinary field with great potential applications.