Specific molecular mechanisms are proposed for associative ionization collisions of ultracold sodium atoms in a hybrid optical trap. When an intense, strongly detuned optical trap laser is on, the ionization rate is modulated by molecular bound-state resonances which are strongly affected by field dressing. When the weak, slightly detuned optical molasses lasers are on to provide cooling, an excitation mechanism which produces the two excited atoms at large internuclear separation in different hyperfine states accounts for the lower observed ionization rate.
Ultracold collisions of neutral atoms can now be studied in the laboratory in the temperature range below 0.001 K. Rate coefficients for ultracold collisions of excited states are decreased by spontaneous emission during the long duration of the collision, but can be dramatically modified by intense laser effects on collision dynamics. Generalized MCQDT is used to develop criteria for the onset of quantum threshold behavior, which generally begins at temperatures above the Doppler cooling limit of light traps. Threshold Penning ionization of He metastable atoms in a light trap is predicted to occur with a rate coefficient larger than 5×10 (−11) cm3/sec.
We report new calculations of two-body associative ionization collisions between sodium atoms confined in a magneto-optic trap at ultracold temperatures. These collisions represent a new kind of {open_quotes}open{close_quotes} or dissipative collision for which the energy of the atom + applied light field need not be conserved due to spontaneous emission coupling to the vacuum modes of the radiation field and require density matrix methods rather than wavefunction methods to describe the collision. In these collisions the Na atoms must absorb a photon when they are in close enough proximity that a significant fraction of the excited population survives relaxation back to the ground state. The Na atoms accelerate towards each other on the excited molecular state and absorbs a second photon to a doubly excited state which then proceeds to associatively ionize at close range. Our calculations incorporate a molecular picture of the atomic collision, laser optical-field dressing of the molecular states participating in the dynamics, and population and coherence decay due to spontaneous emission. The effect of excited state hyperfine structure, which plays a critical role in the dynamics, is simulated by simplified models with a reduced number of states based on the full set of molecular-hyperfine adiabatic potentialmore » curves. Comparison is made with recent measurements of photo-associative ionization. rates as a function of optical field intensity from about 20 to 130 mW cm{sup -2}.« less
Measurements of the temperature dependence of trap loss collisions of laser-cooled rubidium atoms are presented. A significant suppression of the rate of collisions between ground- and excited-state atoms is observed for temperatures below $\\sim$70
muK. In such inelastic collisions, the atomic excitation takes place at long range and must survive against spontaneous decay to short range. Our results are consistent with recent predictions for the low temperature suppression of these collisions due to reduced survival of atomic excitation at low collision velocities.^ We report on measurements of trap loss collisions between ultracold Rb atoms which are confined in a magneto-optical trap. Both isotopes
sp85Rb and
sp87Rb have been studied over wide range of trap laser intensities and detunings. The trap loss collision rates exhibit variations over 3 orders of magnitude. We observe significant differences between the isotopes. At large detunings the ability of the trap to recapture products of the hyperfine-changing collisions is significantly diminished. This finding is supported by our numerical simulations of the recapture process. The trap loss rates due to collisions with room temperature background gas have also been measured.^ Using laser light tuned to a repulsive molecular potential, we have been able to suppress inelastic ground-state hyperfine changing collisions between ultracold
sp87Rb atoms. Adiabatic excitation to the repulsive curve alters the atomic trajectories and prevents the atoms from approaching close enough for the hyperfine change to occur. Experimental results show suppressions up to $\\sim$50% and are in reasonable agreement with a simple Landau-Zener model.^ Finally, we have observed a significant cooperative effect in ultracold trap loss collisions induced by two separate lasers. One laser, tuned close to the atomic resonance, excites the atom pair to an attractive potential at long range. The resulting acceleration and deflection give rise to an enhancement in the collisional flux of ground-state atoms reaching short range, as probed by a second laser. Enhancements up to a factor of $\\sim$3 have been observed. ^
We have observed associative ionization of laser-cooled and -trapped sodium atoms. The measured rate coefficient for the process at a temperature of 0.75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.25 mK is (1.1${\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}_{0.5}^{1.3}$)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}11}$
cm3 ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, which implies a cross section of 8.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}14}$
cm2. This is 3 orders of magnitude larger than the cross section measured in previous experiments at higher temperatures. The measurement involves the use of a new kind of laser trap.
The rate coefficient for the laser-induced associative-ionization reaction of ultracold Na in an optical trap is calculated as a function of the trap laser detuning from the Na
(2S1/2,F=2)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Na
(2P3/2,F=3) resonance. Aided by a knowledge of the excited-state potential-energy curves and of the nature of the free-atom optical-pumping process, we propose the following mechanism, which we call photoassociative ionization (PAI): 2Na
(3${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}_{\mathit{u}}^{+}$)${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Elzxh}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}$
Na2∗(${0}_{\mathit{g}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ and
1g)${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Elzxh}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}$
Na2∗∗(
1u)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}
Na2++${\mathit{e}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$. Maxima in the calculated PAI rate coefficient occur at detunings that are simultaneously one-photon resonant with bound levels of the long-range ${0}_{\mathit{g}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ state and two-photon resonant with the lower rotational levels of a vibrational level lying 9 GHz below the dissociation threshold of the autoionizing
1u state. The calculated PAI spectrum (PAI rate coefficient versus trap-laser detuning) displays a series of broad peaks between -0.5 and -4 GHz detuning and a cutoff at -5 GHz detuning, as does the experimentally measured spectrum of Lett et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2139 (1991)].The broad widths of the peaks in the PAI spectrum is due in part to the orientation averaging of the collision vector with respect to the electric-field vector and to the optical pumping of the
Na2\ensuremath{\rightarrow}
Na2∗ rovibronic transition. The calculated PAI rate coefficient at -0.6 GHz detuning is a factor of 4 higher than the experimental value. Fine-structure-changing transitions play a role in the doubly excited states, because of the
1u avoided crossing, but not in the intermediate states, because they have gerade symmetry and the only states that have been shown to undergo fine-structure-changing transitions with large probability have ungerade symmetry. Several predictions based on the proposed model and suggestions for future experiments are discussed.