Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters

Quantum coherence between states with even and odd numbers of electrons

Alexander F. Andreev

Published Nov 1, 2001• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Systems with variable numbers of electrons are described in which the states representing coherent superpositions of states with even and odd numbers of electrons may occur. An experiment is suggested which generalizes the experiment of Nakamura et al. and may provide direct evidence of such coherence and, thereby, justify the reality of a superspace.

DOI
10.1134/1.1446546

Related papers

Quantum Coherence Between States with Even and Odd Numbers of Electrons

Alexander F. Andreev

A system with variable number of electrons is described in which the states representing coherent superpositions of states with even and odd numbers of electrons may occur. An experiment is suggested which generalizes the experiment of Nakamura et al. and may provide direct evidence of such coherence and, thereby, justify the reality of a superspace. Quantum coherence between states with even and odd numbers of electrons is of special fundamental interest. In 1952, Wick, Wightman, and Wigner [1] claimed that the coherent linear superpositions of states with even and odd numbers of fermions are incompatible with the Lorentz invariance and introduced the superselection rule, according to which such linear superpositions are physically impossible. In actuality (as was pointed out in [2, 3]), the superselection rule is the alternative to the existence, along with x, y, z, and t, of additional spinor coordinates, which, in fact, are introduced in quantum field theory to account for supersymmetry. In this work, it is proved theoretically that the superselection rule is, generally, not self-consistent. Namely, a simple realistic system with variable number of electrons is considered, which is governed by the Hamiltonian whose eigenvectors are all coherent superpositions of the

Physica Scripta•Jan 1, 2002•1 citation

Proceedings of the 2002 International Symposium on Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics : CosPA 2002

Xiao-Gang He, Kin‐Wang Ng

Quantum Coherence Between States with Even and Odd Numbers of Electrons (A F Andreev) Electron Spin in Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (P E Lindelof et al.) Superfluidity and Coherence in Bose-Einstein Condensates (W Ketterle) Jahn-Teller Bipolarons and Their Condensation (K A Muller) Probing Quantum Mechanics Towards the Everyday World: Where Do We Stand? (A J Leggett) The Question of Phase in a Bose-Einstein Condensate (S Stenholm) Experiments with d-Wave Superconductors (J Mannhart et al.) Noise and Decoherence in Quantum Two-Level Systems (A Shnirman et al.) Coherent Manipulations of Charge-Number States in a Cooper-Pair Box (Y Nakamura et al.) Quiet Readout of Superconducting Flux States (J Clarke et al.) and other papers.

WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks•Mar 1, 2003•0 citations

Quantum coherence of optical systems and dissipation

S. T. Gevorgyan, V. O. Chaltykyan

We show that in an open optical system with one-photon dissipation formation of a stationary even coherent superposition state is possible, which is a consequence of the fact that the lifetime of the optical system in a coherent superposition state is different for even and odd states.

Journal of Modern Optics•Jul 27, 2004•2 citations

Quantum superpositions of two equal-intensity coherent states

Anna Napoli

We propose an experimental scheme for the generation of quantum superpositions of two single-mode equal-intensity coherent states, characterized by the presence of infinite zeros in their photon number distributions.

AIP conference proceedings•Jan 1, 2000•0 citations

Manifestation of additional dimensions of space-time in mesoscopic systems

Alexander F. Andreev

We note that the existence of physical states which are coherent superpositions of states with even and odd numbers of fermions means the existence, together with $x,y,z,t,$ of additional spinor dimensions of space-time. A system with variable number of electrons is described in which such superpositions are realized. Experiments with mesoscopic condensed matter systems are suggested which generalize the experiment of Nakamura et al. and may provide direct observation of such superpositions and, thereby, justify the reality of a superspace with additional spinor dimensions introduced in quantum field theory to account for supersymmetry. The nature of additional dimensions of space-time is elucidated for nonrelativistic systems.

arXiv:hep-th/0302040•Physical review. B, Condensed matter•Oct 20, 2003•7 citations

Coherence and the electron field

I M Every

A unified formulation of coherence which is appropriate to both the electromagnetic and electron fields is proposed. The degree of coherence possible for the electron field and its experimental consequences are investigated.

Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General•Jan 1, 1975•6 citations
Systems with variable numbers of electrons are described in which the states representing coherent superpositions of states with even and odd numbers of electrons may occur. An experiment is suggested which generalizes the experiment of Nakamura et al. and may provide direct evidence of such coherence and, thereby, justify the reality of a superspace.
A system with variable number of electrons is described in which the states representing coherent superpositions of states with even and odd numbers of electrons may occur. An experiment is suggested which generalizes the experiment of Nakamura et al. and may provide direct evidence of such coherence and, thereby, justify the reality of a superspace. Quantum coherence between states with even and odd numbers of electrons is of special fundamental interest. In 1952, Wick, Wightman, and Wigner [1] claimed that the coherent linear superpositions of states with even and odd numbers of fermions are incompatible with the Lorentz invariance and introduced the superselection rule, according to which such linear superpositions are physically impossible. In actuality (as was pointed out in [2, 3]), the superselection rule is the alternative to the existence, along with x, y, z, and t, of additional spinor coordinates, which, in fact, are introduced in quantum field theory to account for supersymmetry. In this work, it is proved theoretically that the superselection rule is, generally, not self-consistent. Namely, a simple realistic system with variable number of electrons is considered, which is governed by the Hamiltonian whose eigenvectors are all coherent superpositions of the
Quantum Coherence Between States with Even and Odd Numbers of Electrons (A F Andreev) Electron Spin in Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (P E Lindelof et al.) Superfluidity and Coherence in Bose-Einstein Condensates (W Ketterle) Jahn-Teller Bipolarons and Their Condensation (K A Muller) Probing Quantum Mechanics Towards the Everyday World: Where Do We Stand? (A J Leggett) The Question of Phase in a Bose-Einstein Condensate (S Stenholm) Experiments with d-Wave Superconductors (J Mannhart et al.) Noise and Decoherence in Quantum Two-Level Systems (A Shnirman et al.) Coherent Manipulations of Charge-Number States in a Cooper-Pair Box (Y Nakamura et al.) Quiet Readout of Superconducting Flux States (J Clarke et al.) and other papers.
We note that the existence of physical states which are coherent superpositions of states with even and odd numbers of fermions means the existence, together with x,y,z,t,x,y,z,t,x,y,z,t, of additional spinor dimensions of space-time. A system with variable number of electrons is described in which such superpositions are realized. Experiments with mesoscopic condensed matter systems are suggested which generalize the experiment of Nakamura et al. and may provide direct observation of such superpositions and, thereby, justify the reality of a superspace with additional spinor dimensions introduced in quantum field theory to account for supersymmetry. The nature of additional dimensions of space-time is elucidated for nonrelativistic systems.