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Le Journal de Physique Colloques

BOSE CONDENSATION IN SPIN POLARIZED ATOMIC HYDROGEN

Eric D. Siggia, Andrei E. Ruckenstein

Published Jul 1, 1980• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A phenomenological description of spin-polarized hydrogen, suggested by the microscopic Hamiltonian, is proposed that includes two Bose particles which correspond in the low density limit to the two lowest hyperfine states. Experiments are expected to initially populate both states, and equilibration times will be long. When Bose condensation occurs in both states a spontaneous coherent magnetization perpendicular to the stabilizing field will appear ; that should be readily observable in a simple magnetic resonance experiment, Field inhomogeneities should not broaden the resonance signal in such an experiment, contrary to one's experience with uncondensed systems.

DOI
10.1051/jphyscol:1980703

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Le Journal de Physique Colloques•Jul 1, 1980•5 citations
A phenomenological description of spin-polarized hydrogen, suggested by the microscopic Hamiltonian, is proposed that includes two Bose particles which correspond in the low density limit to the two lowest hyperfine states. Experiments are expected to initially populate both states, and equilibration times will be long. When Bose condensation occurs in both states a spontaneous coherent magnetization perpendicular to the stabilizing field will appear ; that should be readily observable in a simple magnetic resonance experiment, Field inhomogeneities should not broaden the resonance signal in such an experiment, contrary to one's experience with uncondensed systems.
Spin-polarized, atomic hydrogen at temperatures below 1K shows promise of becoming the first physically realizable example of a degenerate, weakly interacting Bose gas. Because of the hyperfine structure of the hydrogen atom the Bose condensed state is expected to exhibit novel magnetic properties such as spin wave excitations of the superfluid and possibly a coherent precessing, spontaneous magnetization. This paper discusses a variety of theoretical problems which arise in the study of atomic hydrogen gas. Theories are presented for spin relaxation of the hyperfine levels and for the recombination of H-atoms into H2 molecules. The problem of the binding of H atoms to a surface of superfluid 4He is reviewed together with the theory of surface superfluidity in the hydrogen film proposed by Edwards and Mantz. Finally we consider the problem of superfluidity in the bulk atomic hydrogen gas. We describe the theory of Siggia and Ruckenstein of double Bose condensation into the two lowest hyperfine states and speculate about the possible observable consequences of this phenomenon.
Atomic hydrogen (H) has recently been created in a long-lived state referred to as spin-polarized atomic hydrogen (H↓). A moderate density gas (n≃1017 atoms/ cc) has been produced at temperatures T≃400 mK. H↓ is predicted to be the only atomic substance that remains gaseous to T = 0 K; current experiments are consistent with this picture. Since the H↓ atoms behave as composite bosons the gas is expected to have a Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) and related superfluidity at a sufficiently high density or low temperature. H↓ is expected to display spectacular static and dynamic properties. Since the gas is polarized, the dominant electronic magnetization, M⃗e, is proportional to the atomic density. In an inhomogeneous magnetic field M⃗e will also be highly inhomogeneous. BEC will be spatially localized and the static M⃗e should be an identifying feature of this state. The low-lying excitation spectrum should not only feature electronic and nuclear spin-transitions, but should also have magnetic translational modes of the gas. The experimental technique for stabilization of H↓ as well as many of the predicted magnetic properties are discussed.
A model of spin-polarized hydrogen (H\ensuremath{\uparrow}) is treated in which interactions between atoms are neglected while the single-atom Zeeman and hyperfine interactions are treated exactly. These magnetic terms in the Hamiltonian are found to affect substantially the Bose-Einstein condensation and the various thermodynamic variables. Computations are discussed of the condensation temperature, condensate density, and specific heat in order to indicate how changes in magnetic field strength might be expected to affect future measurements on this quantum system.
Under normal circumstances a gas of atomic hydrogen (H) is highly unstable with respect to recombination to molecular hydrogen, H2. We have succeeded in stabilizing a gas of spin polarised hydrogen (H↓) at T = 300 mK in magnetic fields up to 10 Tesla in a superfluid helium coated cell. Densities of at least 1016atoms/cc have already been achieved. H is found to have a surprisingly long life even in zero magnetic field. Evidence points to H↓ remaining in the gaseous form and not liquifying or condensing out on the surfaces to any large extent. The crucial experimental techniques used to stabilize H↓ will be discussed as well as some of the observed properties and expectations of this new Bose gas.