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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Cavity-enhanced Rayleigh scattering

Pepijn W. H. Pinkse, M. Motsch, Martin Zeppenfeld, Gerhard Rempe

Published Jun 1, 2009• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

This article report on measurements of cavity-enhanced Rayleigh scattering into an optical Fabry-Perot resonator using several room-temperature atomic and molecular gases. The laser light is far detuned from any optical transition. Therefore, excitation and spontaneous emission is avoided and the scattering process can be described by a classical oscillating dipole.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2009.5191567

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This article report on measurements of cavity-enhanced Rayleigh scattering into an optical Fabry-Perot resonator using several room-temperature atomic and molecular gases. The laser light is far detuned from any optical transition. Therefore, excitation and spontaneous emission is avoided and the scattering process can be described by a classical oscillating dipole.
We demonstrate Purcell-like enhancement of Rayleigh scattering into a single optical mode of a Fabry–Perot resonator for several thermal atomic and molecular gases. The light is detuned by more than an octave, in this case by hundreds of nanometers, from any optical transition, making particle excitation and spontaneous emission negligible. The enhancement of light scattering into the resonator is explained quantitatively as an interference effect of light waves emitted by a classical driven dipole oscillator. Applications of our method include the sensitive, non-destructive in situ detection of ultracold molecules.
Semiconductor nanostructures such as quantum dots (QDs) have offered unique opportunities to investigate quantum optical effects in solid-state systems. These include quantum interference, Rabi oscillations, as well as photon antibunching, and were previously observable only in isolated atoms or ions. In addition, QDs can be integrated into optical microcavities, making them attractive for applications in quantum information processing and high efficiency quantum light sources. Despite much progress towards these goals, one area that was little explored is coherent control of such solid-state quantum emitters in cavities. The main technical hurdle lies in overcoming the laser background scattering. By using a sample structure in which QDs are embedded in a planar Fabry-Perot cavity and by using an orthogonal excitation geometry, we have achieved a nearly complete elimination of laser background scattering. This in turn allows us to show resonantly controlled light emission of quantum dots in the cavity including (a) Rabi flopping using pulse control, (b) direct observation of Mollow triplets in the frequency domain, and (c) simultaneously measured first-order and second order photon-photon correlations.
We show that the spontaneous emission of a moving atom inside a cavity is modified by two different mechanisms. The first one is a Doppler-induced detuning of the cavity line that leads to observable changes in the spontaneous emission rate for atomic velocities in excess of a characteristic velocity vcav{\mathit{v}}_{\mathrm{cav}}vcav​=c/Q, Q being the quality factor of the cavity. In addition, spatial mode effects can lead to a temporal modulation of the exponential decay rate. This modulation is observable for velocities that do not exceed another characteristic velocity vmod{\mathit{v}}_{\mathrm{mod}}vmod​ which is typically several orders of magnitude smaller than vcav{\mathit{v}}_{\mathrm{cav}}vcav​.
Semi-classical calculation of an oscillating dipole induced in a two-level atom indicates that spherical radiation from the dipole under coherent interaction, i.e., Rayleigh scattering, has a power level comparable to that of spontaneous emission resulting from an incoherent process. Whereas spontaneous emission is nearly isotropic and has random polarization generally, Rayleigh scattering is strongly anisotropic and polarized in association with incident light. In the case where Rabi frequency is much larger than frequency detuning and spontaneous emission rate, while the power of spontaneous emission varies with time at the Rabi frequency, the power of Rayleigh scattering oscillates at twice the Rabi frequency. Moreover, the radiation pressure force acting on an atom due to Rayleigh scattering exceeds that caused by spontaneous emission when frequency detuning is large.
We study a novel property of light scattering by Rb atoms confined in a far off-resonance optical dipole force trap. The trapping laser wavelength varies from 780 nm to 860 nm and its intensity is about 1 MW/cm{sup 2}. Spontaneous Raman scattering of photons from the trapping laser can change the ground-state hyperfine quantum number F of the atoms. We observe the relaxation time by measuring the population of the F=3 level after optically pumping the atoms into the F=2 level. Spontaneous photon scatter rates as low as 10{sup 3} s{sup -1} have been observed, corresponding to recoil heating rates below 1 mK/s. For detuning from resonance {Delta} greater than the excited-state fine-structure splitting the total scatter rate, including Rayleigh scattering, decreases as {Delta}{sup 2} while the spontaneous Raman scatter rate decreases as {Delta}{sup 4}. This is due to interference between the Raman scattering amplitudes from the two excited-state fine-structure levels in the Kramers-Heisenberg formula. Because Rayleigh scattering dominates, the atoms` F and M{sub F} quantum numbers are preserved even after many scattering events. This makes far off-resonance optical traps ideal for studies of state-selective collisions and collective phenomena.