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Journal of Physics C Solid State Physics

Field-theory analysis of a short-range pairing model

Ian K. Affleck, John Bradley Marston

Published May 10, 1988• 38 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A one-dimensional model exhibiting short-range electron pairing was studied recently using finite-size numerical techniques. The authors apply conformal field-theory methods to this model to study the nature of the pairing transition. They also derive the finite-size scaling of low-energy excitation in this model as well as in the Hubbard model and the planar antiferromagnet.

DOI
10.1088/0022-3719/21/13/014

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A one-dimensional model exhibiting short-range electron pairing was studied recently using finite-size numerical techniques. The authors apply conformal field-theory methods to this model to study the nature of the pairing transition. They also derive the finite-size scaling of low-energy excitation in this model as well as in the Hubbard model and the planar antiferromagnet.
The low-energy physics of the one-dimensional pair hopping (PH) and attractive Hubbard models are expected to be similar. Based on numerical calculations on small chains, several authors have recently challenged this idea and predicted the existence of a phase transition at half filling and finite positive coupling for the pair-hopping model. We reexamine the controversy by making systematic comparisons between numerical results obtained for the PH and attractive Hubbard models. To do so, we have calculated the Luttinger parameters (spin and charge velocities, stiffnesses, etc.) of the two models using both the density matrix renormalization-group method for large systems and Lancz\'os calculations with twisted boundary conditions for smaller systems. Although most of our results confirm that both models are very similar we have found some important differences in the spin properties for the small sizes considered by previous numerical studies (6-12 sites). However, we show that these differences disappear at larger sizes (14-42 sites) when sufficiently accurate eigenstates are considered. Accordingly, our results strongly suggest that the ground-state phase transition previously found for small systems is a finite size artifact. Interpreting our results within the framework of the Luttinger liquid theory, we discuss the origin of the apparent contradiction between the predictions of the perturbative renormalization-group approach and numerical calculations at small sizes.
We attempt to construct U (1) conformal field theory (CFT) in the Tomonaga–Luttinger (TL) liquid with the 1/ r β long-range interaction (LRI). Treating the long-range forward scattering as a perturbation and applying CFT to it, we derive finite size scalings which depend on the power of the LRI. The obtained finite size scalings give nontrivial behaviours when β is odd and is close to 2. We find consistency between the analytical arguments and numerical results in the finite size scaling of energy.
An exact description is given of the long-distance behaviour of the one-dimensional t-J model at t=J. The authors employ the Bathe ansatz method and the finite-size scaling technique in conformal field theory. The charge and spin degrees of freedom are separated, and described by two independent c=1 conformal theories. The critical exponents for the charge, spin, electron and superconducting correlation functions are obtained for arbitrary band filling. The authors then make detailed comparison of the t-J model with the repulsive Hubbard model with emphasis on the Luttinger liquid properties. Analysing the electron filling dependence they observe the enhancement of the superconducting correlations compared with the highly correlated Hubbard model. The effect of the external magnetic field at and near half-filling is also discussed.
An exact description is given of the long-distance behaviour of the one-dimensional t-J model at t=J. The authors employ the Bathe ansatz method and the finite-size scaling technique in conformal field theory. The charge and spin degrees of freedom are separated, and described by two independent c=1 conformal theories. The critical exponents for the charge, spin, electron and superconducting correlation functions are obtained for arbitrary band filling. The authors then make detailed comparison of the t-J model with the repulsive Hubbard model with emphasis on the Luttinger liquid properties. Analysing the electron filling dependence they observe the enhancement of the superconducting correlations compared with the highly correlated Hubbard model. The effect of the external magnetic field at and near half-filling is also discussed.