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Journal of Physics Condensed Matter

Sequential short-time propagation of quantum classical dynamics

Dónal MacKernan, Raymond Kapral, Giovanni Ciccotti

Published Sep 26, 2002• 87 citations
Publisher

Abstract

An algorithm for the simulation of quantum-classical dynamics is presented. Quantum-classical evolution is effected by a propagator exp(i (L) over capt) involving the quantum classical Liouville operator (L) over cap that describes the evolution of a quantum subsystem coupled to a classical bath. Such a mixed description provides a means to study the dynamics of complex many-body systems where certain degrees of freedom are treated quantum mechanically. The algorithm is constructed by decomposing the time interval Deltat into small segments of length At and successively applying the propagator in the short time segments to obtain the evolution for long times. The algorithm is shown to be a discretization of the iterated Dyson form of the propagator whose direct solution is vexatious. The sequential short-time propagation algorithm is applied to the spin-boson model for a range of values of the Kondo parameter and shown to be effective.

DOI
10.1088/0953-8984/14/40/301

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An algorithm for the simulation of quantum-classical dynamics is presented. Quantum-classical evolution is effected by a propagator exp(i (L) over capt) involving the quantum classical Liouville operator (L) over cap that describes the evolution of a quantum subsystem coupled to a classical bath. Such a mixed description provides a means to study the dynamics of complex many-body systems where certain degrees of freedom are treated quantum mechanically. The algorithm is constructed by decomposing the time interval Deltat into small segments of length At and successively applying the propagator in the short time segments to obtain the evolution for long times. The algorithm is shown to be a discretization of the iterated Dyson form of the propagator whose direct solution is vexatious. The sequential short-time propagation algorithm is applied to the spin-boson model for a range of values of the Kondo parameter and shown to be effective.
Quantum rate processes in condensed phase systems are often computed by combining quantum and classical descriptions of the dynamics. An algorithm for simulating the quantum-classical Liouville equation, which describes the dynamics of a quantum subsystem coupled to a classical bath, is presented in this paper. The algorithm is based on a Trotter decomposition of the quantum-classical propagator, in conjunction with Monte Carlo sampling of quantum transitions, to yield a surface-hopping representation of the dynamics. An expression for the nonadiabatic propagator that is responsible for quantum transitions and associated bath momentum changes is derived in a form that is convenient for Monte Carlo sampling and exactly conserves the total energy of the system in individual trajectories. The expectation values of operators or quantum correlation functions can be evaluated by initial sampling of quantum states and use of quantum-classical Liouville dynamics for the time evolution. The algorithm is tested by calculations on the spin-boson model, for which exact quantum results are available, and is shown to reproduce the exact results for stronger nonadiabatic coupling and much longer times using fewer trajectories than other schemes for simulating quantum-classical Liouville dynamics.
Mixed quantum-classical dynamics is a set of methods often used to understand systems too complex to treat fully quantum mechanically. Many techniques exist for full quantum mechanical evolution on quantum computers, but mixed quantum-classical dynamics are less explored. We present a modular algorithm for general mixed quantum-classical dynamics where the quantum subsystem is coupled with the classical subsystem. We test it on a modified Shin-Metiu model in the first quantization through Ehrenfest propagation. We find that the Time-Dependent Variational Time Propagation algorithm performs well for short-time evolutions and retains qualitative results for longer-time evolutions.
Methods for simulating the dynamics of composite systems, where part of the system is treated quantum mechanically and its environment is treated classically, are discussed. Such quantum-classical sys- tems arise in many physical contexts where certain degrees of freedom have an essential quantum character while the other degrees of freedom to which they are coupled may be treated classically to a good approxi- mation. The dynamics of these composite systems are governed by a quantum-classical Liouville equation for either the density matrix or the dynamical variables which are operators in the Hilbert space of the quantum subsystem and functions of the classical phase space variables of the classical environment. Solutions of the evolution equations may be formulated in terms of surface-hopping dynamics involving ensembles of tra- jectory segments interspersed with quantum transitions. The surface-hopping schemes incorporate quantum coherence and account for energy exchanges between the quantum and classical degrees of freedom. Various simulation algorithms are discussed and illustrated with calculations on simple spin-boson models but the methods described here are applicable to realistic many- body environments.
Abstract Mixed quantum-classical dynamics is a set of methods often used to understand systems too complex to treat fully quantum mechanically. Many techniques exist for full quantum mechanical evolution on quantum computers, but mixed quantum-classical dynamics are less explored. We present a modular algorithm for general mixed quantum-classical dynamics where the quantum subsystem is coupled with the classical subsystem. We test it on a modified Shin-Metiu model in the first quantization through Ehrenfest propagation. We find that the Time-Dependent Variational Time Propagation algorithm performs well for short-time evolutions and retains qualitative results for longer-time evolutions.
Simulation of quantum dynamics for many-body systems is an open area of research. For interacting many-body quantum systems, the computer memory necessary to perform calculations has an astronomical value, so that approximated models are needed to reduce the required computational resources. A useful approximation that can often be made is that of quantum-classical dynamics, where the majority of the degrees are treated classically, while a few of them must be treated quantum mechanically. When energy is exchanged very quickly between the quantum subsystem and classical environment, the dynamics is nonadiabatic. Most theories for nonadiabatic dynamics are unsatisfactory, as they fail to properly describe the quantum backreaction of the subsystem on the environment. However, an approach based on the quantum-classical Liouville equation solves this problem. Even so, nonadiabatic dynamics is difficult to implement on a computer, and longer simulation times are often inaccessible due to statistical error. There is thus a need for improved algorithms for nonadiabatic dynamics. In this thesis, two algorithms that utilise the quantum-classical Liouville equation will be qualitatively and quantitatively compared. In addition, stochastic sampling schemes for nonadiabatic transitions will be studied, and a new sampling scheme is introduced [D. A. Uken et al., Phys. Rev. E. 88, 033301 (2013)] which proves to have a dramatic advantage over existing techniques, allowing far longer simulation times to be calculated reliably.
Solving quantum dynamics is an exponentially difficult problem. Thus, an exact numerical solution is inaccessible for any condensed matter system.\nA promising approach is to divide the system into a quantum subsystem containing degrees of freedom which are of greater interest or those which have more profound quantum character (e.g., have smaller mass) and a classical bath containing the rest of the system.\nImposing such a partition and treating the bath classically results in quantum-classical dynamics. The quantum-classical Liouville equation is a general equation in the Hilbert space of quantum degrees of freedom while it resides in the phase space of the classical degrees of freedom.\nAny numerical solution to this equation requires representation of the quantum subsystem in some basis. Solutions to this equation have been already proposed in the subsystem, adiabatic and force bases, each with its own cons and pros.\n\nIn this work, the quantum-classical equations of motion are cast in the subsystem basis and subsequently mapped to a number of fictitious harmonic oscillators.\nThe result is quantum-classical dynamics in the mapping basis which treats both quantum and classical degrees of freedom on the same footing, i.e., in phase space. Neglecting a portion of the back reaction of the quantum-subsystem to classical bath results in an expression for the time evolution of an operator (density matrix) equal to its Poisson bracket with the Hamiltonian.\nThis equation can be solved in terms of characteristics to provide a computationally tractable method for calculating quantum-classical dynamical properties. The expressions for expectation values and correlation functions in this formalism are derived.\nCalculations on spin-boson system, barrier crossing models---the so called Tully models---and the Fenna-Mathews-Olson pigments show very good agreement between the results of this method and numerical solutions to the Schrödinger equation.