Physical Review A

Energy-pooling ionization via an autoionizing state in indium

Paola Bicchi, A. Kopystyńska, M. Meucci, L. Moi

Published May 1, 1990• 22 citations

Abstract

Energy-transfer collisions between two 6 $^{2}$${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$ laser-excited indium atoms leading either to ionization of one of the colliding atoms or to population of its ${\mathit{n}}^{2}$P Rydberg states, have been studied. Atomic lines corresponding to the 5s5${\mathit{p}}^{2}$ $^{2}$D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5${\mathit{s}}^{2}$6p $^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{1/2,3/2}$ interconfiguration transitions have been recorded as evidence of the energy-pooling ionization via an autoionizing state. Atomic lines corresponding to the ${\mathit{n}}^{2}$P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6 $^{2}$S transitions for n=9, 10, and 11 as well as to the 5 $^{2}$D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5 $^{2}$P transitions have proven that the population of highly excited indium atomic states is through the energy-poolimg collisions.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.41.5257

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Energy pooling collision cross section measurements in indium: the In(6S1/2)+In(6S1/2) to In(nP)+In(5P3/2) process

Paola Bicchi, C. Marinelli, E. Mariotti +2 more

Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical PhysicsAug 14, 199313 citations

Energy-pooling collisions in cesium: 6 PJ +6 PJ →6S+(nl=7P,6D,8S,4F)

Z. J. Jabbour, R. K. Namiotka, John Huennekens +3 more

Physical Review AAug 1, 199663 citations

High-Resolution Electron Spectroscopy of Laser-Excited Ba Rydberg Atoms

Herbert H. Rinneberg, Jörg Neukammer, U. Majewski +1 more

Physical Review LettersOct 24, 198315 citations

Energy-pooling collisions in barium

Jonathan Andrew Neuman, Alan C. Gallagher, J. Cooper

Physical Review AAug 1, 199420 citations

Energy-transfer processes of Xe (6p[1/2], 6p[3/2]2, and 6p[5/2]2) atoms under the condition of ultrahigh pumped power

Shan He, Junzhi Chu, Dong Liu +9 more

Chinese Journal of Chemical PhysicsDec 1, 20180 citations

Autoionizing states of the ytterbium atom by three-photon polarization spectroscopy

Jonghoon Yi, Jongmin Lee, Hong Jin Kong

Physical Review AApr 1, 199533 citations

Physical Review A

Energy-pooling ionization via an autoionizing state in indium

Paola Bicchi, A. Kopystyńska, M. Meucci, L. Moi

Published May 1, 1990• 22 citations

Publisher

Abstract

Energy-transfer collisions between two 6

^{2}$${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}

laser-excited indium atoms leading either to ionization of one of the colliding atoms or to population of its

{\mathit{n}}^{2}

P Rydberg states, have been studied. Atomic lines corresponding to the 5s5

{\mathit{p}}^{2}

^{2}

D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5

{\mathit{s}}^{2}

^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{1/2,3/2}

interconfiguration transitions have been recorded as evidence of the energy-pooling ionization via an autoionizing state. Atomic lines corresponding to the

{\mathit{n}}^{2}

P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6

^{2}

S transitions for n=9, 10, and 11 as well as to the 5

^{2}

D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5

^{2}

P transitions have proven that the population of highly excited indium atomic states is through the energy-poolimg collisions.

DOI: 10.1103/physreva.41.5257

Related papers

Energy pooling collision cross section measurements in indium: the In(6S1/2)+In(6S1/2) to In(nP)+In(5P3/2) process

Paola Bicchi, C. Marinelli, E. Mariotti +2 more

The quantitative investigation of the energy pooling collision (EPC) process between resonantly laser excited In atoms is reported. The process is studied in a laser induced fluorescence (LIF) experiment where the nP populations, with n=11, 10 and 9, are monitored. The population mechanism for these levels is verified via a temporal analysis of the fluorescence signals. This is possible in In due to the strongly reduced self trapping of the resonant radiation. The cross section for energy pooling collision to these nP levels has been derived by considering the Rydberg character of these levels.The quantitative investigation of the energy pooling collision (EPC) process between resonantly laser excited In atoms is reported. The process is studied in a laser induced fluorescence (LIF) experiment where the nP populations, with n=11, 10 and 9, are monitored. The population mechanism for these levels is verified via a temporal analysis of the fluorescence signals. This is possible in In due to the strongly reduced self trapping of the resonant radiation. The cross section for energy pooling collision to these nP levels has been derived by considering the Rydberg character of these levels.

Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical PhysicsAug 14, 199313 citations

Energy-pooling collisions in cesium: 6 PJ +6 PJ →6S+(nl=7P,6D,8S,4F)

Z. J. Jabbour, R. K. Namiotka, John Huennekens +3 more

We report experimental rate coefficients for the energy-pooling collisions Cs(6 ${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$ )+Cs(6 ${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$ )\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Cs(6 ${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$ )+Cs(${\mathit{nl}}_{\mathit{J}\ensuremath{'}}$) and Cs(6 ${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$ )+Cs(6 ${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$ )\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Cs(6 ${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$ )+Cs(${\mathit{nl}}_{\mathit{J}\ensuremath{'}}$) where ${\mathit{nl}}_{\mathit{J}\ensuremath{'}}$=7 ${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$ , 7 ${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$ , 6 ${\mathit{D}}_{3/2}$ , 6 ${\mathit{D}}_{5/2}$ , 8 ${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$ , 4 ${\mathit{F}}_{5/2}$ , or 4 ${\mathit{F}}_{7/2}$ . Atoms were excited to either the 6 ${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$ or 6 ${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$ state using a single-mode Ti:sapphire laser. The excited-atom density and spatial distribution were mapped by monitoring the absorption of a counterpropagating single-mode ring dye laser beam, tuned to either the 6 ${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow}8 ${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$ or 6 ${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$ \ensuremath{\rightarrow}7 ${\mathit{D}}_{3/2,5/2}$ transitions, which could be translated parallel to the pump beam. Transmission factors, which describe the average probability that photons emitted within the fluorescence detection region can pass through the optically thick vapor without being absorbed, were calculated for all relevant transitions. Effective lifetimes of levels populated by energy-pooling collisions are modified by radiation trapping, and these factors were calculated using the Molisch theory. These calculated quantities have been combined with the measured excited-atom densities and fluorescence ratios to yield absolute energy-pooling rate coefficients. It was found that the rate for production, in all cases, is greatest for 6D, but that 1/2-1/2 collisions are significantly more efficient than 3/2-3/2 collisions for populating 7P. It was also found that 7 ${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$ is populated two to three times more efficiently than 7 ${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$ in 1/2-1/2 collisions, but that the 7P fine-structure levels are approximately equally populated in 3/2-3/2 collisions. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.We report experimental rate coefficients for the energy-pooling collisions Cs(6${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$)+Cs(6${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Cs(6${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$)+Cs(${\mathit{nl}}_{\mathit{J}\ensuremath{'}}$) and Cs(6${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$)+Cs(6${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Cs(6${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$)+Cs(${\mathit{nl}}_{\mathit{J}\ensuremath{'}}$) where ${\mathit{nl}}_{\mathit{J}\ensuremath{'}}$=7${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$, 7${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$, 6${\mathit{D}}_{3/2}$, 6${\mathit{D}}_{5/2}$, 8${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$, 4${\mathit{F}}_{5/2}$, or 4${\mathit{F}}_{7/2}$. Atoms were excited to either the 6${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$ or 6${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$ state using a single-mode Ti:sapphire laser. The excited-atom density and spatial distribution were mapped by monitoring the absorption of a counterpropagating single-mode ring dye laser beam, tuned to either the 6${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}8${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}$ or 6${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7${\mathit{D}}_{3/2,5/2}$ transitions, which could be translated parallel to the pump beam. Transmission factors, which describe the average probability that photons emitted within the fluorescence detection region can pass through the optically thick vapor without being absorbed, were calculated for all relevant transitions. Effective lifetimes of levels populated by energy-pooling collisions are modified by radiation trapping, and these factors were calculated using the Molisch theory. These calculated quantities have been combined with the measured excited-atom densities and fluorescence ratios to yield absolute energy-pooling rate coefficients. It was found that the rate for production, in all cases, is greatest for 6D, but that 1/2-1/2 collisions are significantly more efficient than 3/2-3/2 collisions for populating 7P. It was also found that 7${\mathit{P}}_{1/2}$ is populated two to three times more efficiently than 7${\mathit{P}}_{3/2}$ in 1/2-1/2 collisions, but that the 7P fine-structure levels are approximately equally populated in 3/2-3/2 collisions. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

Physical Review AAug 1, 199663 citations

High-Resolution Electron Spectroscopy of Laser-Excited Ba Rydberg Atoms

Herbert H. Rinneberg, Jörg Neukammer, U. Majewski +1 more

The ionization of $6sns^{1}S_{0}$ Rydberg states of $^{138}\mathrm{Ba}$ has been investigated by high-resolution electron spectroscopy. The Rydberg states were excited by two cw dye lasers via the $6s6p^{1}P_{1}$ level. The electron spectra show rich structure between 0.025 and 3 eV, largely attributable to collisional (Penning) ionization, photoionization, and autoionizing transitions. The first process might be interpreted as superelastic scattering of the Rydberg electron by optically pumped $\mathrm{Ba}(6s6p^{1}P_{1})$ or $\mathrm{Ba}(6s5d^{1}D_{2})$ atoms.The ionization of $6sns^{1}S_{0}$ Rydberg states of $^{138}\mathrm{Ba}$ has been investigated by high-resolution electron spectroscopy. The Rydberg states were excited by two cw dye lasers via the $6s6p^{1}P_{1}$ level. The electron spectra show rich structure between 0.025 and 3 eV, largely attributable to collisional (Penning) ionization, photoionization, and autoionizing transitions. The first process might be interpreted as superelastic scattering of the Rydberg electron by optically pumped $\mathrm{Ba}(6s6p^{1}P_{1})$ or $\mathrm{Ba}(6s5d^{1}D_{2})$ atoms.

Physical Review LettersOct 24, 198315 citations

Energy-pooling collisions in barium

Jonathan Andrew Neuman, Alan C. Gallagher, J. Cooper

Rate coefficients for energy-pooling collisions between low-lying excited states of Ba have been measured. The 6s6p ${(}^{3}$ ${\mathit{P}}_{1}$ ) level in Ba is pumped by a cw diode laser, and radiative decay and collisions with buffer-gas atoms also populate the 5d6s ${(}^{1}$ D) and 5d6s ${(}^{3}$ D) metastable levels. The densities of these low-lying excited states are measured by the absorption of lines from a Ba hollow-cathode lamp, and the states populated by energy-pooling collisions are studied by comparing their fluorescence intensity to that of the laser-excited level. The rate coefficients are on the order of gas-kinetic rates, and they are not strongly dependent on energy defect, spin changes, or angular-momentum changes.Rate coefficients for energy-pooling collisions between low-lying excited states of Ba have been measured. The 6s6p${(}^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{1}$) level in Ba is pumped by a cw diode laser, and radiative decay and collisions with buffer-gas atoms also populate the 5d6s${(}^{1}$D) and 5d6s${(}^{3}$D) metastable levels. The densities of these low-lying excited states are measured by the absorption of lines from a Ba hollow-cathode lamp, and the states populated by energy-pooling collisions are studied by comparing their fluorescence intensity to that of the laser-excited level. The rate coefficients are on the order of gas-kinetic rates, and they are not strongly dependent on energy defect, spin changes, or angular-momentum changes.

Physical Review AAug 1, 199420 citations

Energy-transfer processes of Xe (6p[1/2], 6p[3/2]2, and 6p[5/2]2) atoms under the condition of ultrahigh pumped power

Shan He, Junzhi Chu, Dong Liu +9 more

The kinetic processes of Xe (6p[1/2]0, 6p[3/2]2, and 6p[5/2]2) atoms under the focused condition were investigated. The atomic density of the laser prepared state significantly increases. Therefore, the probability of the energy-pooling between two high-lying atoms increases. There are three major types of the energy-pooling collisions. The first type is the energy-pooling ionization. Once the excitation laser is focused, the obvious ionization can be observed from the side window whenever the laser prepared state is 6p[1/2]0, 6p[3/2]2, or 6p[5/2]2 state. Ionization of Xe is attributed to the energy-pooling ionization or a Xe* atom reabsorbing another excitation photon. The second type is energy-pooling with big energy difference. When the 6p[1/2]0 state is the laser prepared state, the energy-pooling collision between two 6p[1/2]0 atoms can produce one 5d[3/2]1 atom and one 6s′[1/2]0 atom. The third type is energy-pooling with small energy difference. The intensities of fluorescence lines are much stronger that five secondary 6p states act as the upper states, and the rising edges of these fluorescence lines are much steeper. The primary mechanism of generating the secondary 6p atoms is energy-pooling collision instead of collision relaxation. Based on the collision probability, the rate of energy-pooling between two 6p[1/2]0 atoms is deduced (6.39 × 108 s−1). In addition, the 6s atoms also increase under the focused condition. Therefore, all the fluorescence lines are serious trailing by radiation trapping.The kinetic processes of Xe (6p[1/2]0, 6p[3/2]2, and 6p[5/2]2) atoms under the focused condition were investigated. The atomic density of the laser prepared state significantly increases. Therefore, the probability of the energy-pooling between two high-lying atoms increases. There are three major types of the energy-pooling collisions. The first type is the energy-pooling ionization. Once the excitation laser is focused, the obvious ionization can be observed from the side window whenever the laser prepared state is 6p[1/2]0, 6p[3/2]2, or 6p[5/2]2 state. Ionization of Xe is attributed to the energy-pooling ionization or a Xe* atom reabsorbing another excitation photon. The second type is energy-pooling with big energy difference. When the 6p[1/2]0 state is the laser prepared state, the energy-pooling collision between two 6p[1/2]0 atoms can produce one 5d[3/2]1 atom and one 6s′[1/2]0 atom. The third type is energy-pooling with small energy difference. The intensities of fluorescence lines are much stronger that five secondary 6p states act as the upper states, and the rising edges of these fluorescence lines are much steeper. The primary mechanism of generating the secondary 6p atoms is energy-pooling collision instead of collision relaxation. Based on the collision probability, the rate of energy-pooling between two 6p[1/2]0 atoms is deduced (6.39 × 108 s−1). In addition, the 6s atoms also increase under the focused condition. Therefore, all the fluorescence lines are serious trailing by radiation trapping.

Chinese Journal of Chemical PhysicsDec 1, 20180 citations

Autoionizing states of the ytterbium atom by three-photon polarization spectroscopy

Jonghoon Yi, Jongmin Lee, Hong Jin Kong

The autoionizing states of ytterbium (Yb) were investigated by three-photon polarization spectroscopy. Ytterbium atoms were excited to autoionizing states through the transition 6 ${\mathit{s}}^{2}$ $^{1}$ ${\mathit{S}}_{0}$ --6s6p $^{3}$ ${\mathit{P}}_{1}$ --4 ${\mathit{f}}^{13}$ ${(}^{2}$ ${\mathit{F}}_{7/2}$ )6${\mathit{s}}^{2} $6$ {\mathit{p}}_{3/2}$ (J=2). The total angular momenta J of the autoionizing states were identified by comparing the line intensities from the spectra recorded with different combinations of the laser polarization. In this work, 17 autoionizing states including many new ones were investigated. For all these states Fano parameters and J values are measured.The autoionizing states of ytterbium (Yb) were investigated by three-photon polarization spectroscopy. Ytterbium atoms were excited to autoionizing states through the transition 6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$ $^{1}$${\mathit{S}}_{0}$--6s6p $^{3}$${\mathit{P}}_{1}$--4${\mathit{f}}^{13}$${(}^{2}$${\mathit{F}}_{7/2}$)6${\mathit{s}}^{2}$6${\mathit{p}}_{3/2}$ (J=2). The total angular momenta J of the autoionizing states were identified by comparing the line intensities from the spectra recorded with different combinations of the laser polarization. In this work, 17 autoionizing states including many new ones were investigated. For all these states Fano parameters and J values are measured.

Physical Review AApr 1, 199533 citations

Energy-transfer collisions between two 6

^{2}$${\mathit{S}}_{1/2}

laser-excited indium atoms leading either to ionization of one of the colliding atoms or to population of its

{\mathit{n}}^{2}

P Rydberg states, have been studied. Atomic lines corresponding to the 5s5

{\mathit{p}}^{2}

^{2}

D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5

{\mathit{s}}^{2}

^{2}$${\mathit{P}}_{1/2,3/2}

interconfiguration transitions have been recorded as evidence of the energy-pooling ionization via an autoionizing state. Atomic lines corresponding to the

{\mathit{n}}^{2}

P\ensuremath{\rightarrow}6

^{2}

S transitions for n=9, 10, and 11 as well as to the 5

^{2}

D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5

^{2}

P transitions have proven that the population of highly excited indium atomic states is through the energy-poolimg collisions.

We report experimental rate coefficients for the energy-pooling collisions Cs(6

{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}

)+Cs(6

{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}

)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Cs(6

{\mathit{S}}_{1/2}

)+Cs(${\mathit{nl}}_{\mathit{J}\ensuremath{'}}$) and Cs(6

{\mathit{P}}_{3/2}

)+Cs(6

{\mathit{P}}_{3/2}

)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}Cs(6

{\mathit{S}}_{1/2}

)+Cs(${\mathit{nl}}_{\mathit{J}\ensuremath{'}}$) where ${\mathit{nl}}_{\mathit{J}\ensuremath{'}}$=7

{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}

, 7

{\mathit{P}}_{3/2}

, 6

{\mathit{D}}_{3/2}

, 6

{\mathit{D}}_{5/2}

, 8

{\mathit{S}}_{1/2}

, 4

{\mathit{F}}_{5/2}

, or 4

{\mathit{F}}_{7/2}

. Atoms were excited to either the 6

{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}

or 6

{\mathit{P}}_{3/2}

state using a single-mode Ti:sapphire laser. The excited-atom density and spatial distribution were mapped by monitoring the absorption of a counterpropagating single-mode ring dye laser beam, tuned to either the 6

{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}

\ensuremath{\rightarrow}8

{\mathit{S}}_{1/2}

or 6

{\mathit{P}}_{3/2}

\ensuremath{\rightarrow}7

{\mathit{D}}_{3/2,5/2}

transitions, which could be translated parallel to the pump beam. Transmission factors, which describe the average probability that photons emitted within the fluorescence detection region can pass through the optically thick vapor without being absorbed, were calculated for all relevant transitions. Effective lifetimes of levels populated by energy-pooling collisions are modified by radiation trapping, and these factors were calculated using the Molisch theory. These calculated quantities have been combined with the measured excited-atom densities and fluorescence ratios to yield absolute energy-pooling rate coefficients. It was found that the rate for production, in all cases, is greatest for 6D, but that 1/2-1/2 collisions are significantly more efficient than 3/2-3/2 collisions for populating 7P. It was also found that 7

{\mathit{P}}_{1/2}

is populated two to three times more efficiently than 7

{\mathit{P}}_{3/2}

in 1/2-1/2 collisions, but that the 7P fine-structure levels are approximately equally populated in 3/2-3/2 collisions. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

The ionization of

6sns^{1}S_{0}

Rydberg states of

^{138}\mathrm{Ba}

has been investigated by high-resolution electron spectroscopy. The Rydberg states were excited by two cw dye lasers via the

6s6p^{1}P_{1}

level. The electron spectra show rich structure between 0.025 and 3 eV, largely attributable to collisional (Penning) ionization, photoionization, and autoionizing transitions. The first process might be interpreted as superelastic scattering of the Rydberg electron by optically pumped

\mathrm{Ba}(6s6p^{1}P_{1})

\mathrm{Ba}(6s5d^{1}D_{2})

atoms.

Rate coefficients for energy-pooling collisions between low-lying excited states of Ba have been measured. The 6s6p

{(}^{3}

{\mathit{P}}_{1}

) level in Ba is pumped by a cw diode laser, and radiative decay and collisions with buffer-gas atoms also populate the 5d6s

{(}^{1}

D) and 5d6s

{(}^{3}

D) metastable levels. The densities of these low-lying excited states are measured by the absorption of lines from a Ba hollow-cathode lamp, and the states populated by energy-pooling collisions are studied by comparing their fluorescence intensity to that of the laser-excited level. The rate coefficients are on the order of gas-kinetic rates, and they are not strongly dependent on energy defect, spin changes, or angular-momentum changes.

The autoionizing states of ytterbium (Yb) were investigated by three-photon polarization spectroscopy. Ytterbium atoms were excited to autoionizing states through the transition 6

{\mathit{s}}^{2}

^{1}

{\mathit{S}}_{0}

--6s6p

^{3}

{\mathit{P}}_{1}

--4

{\mathit{f}}^{13}

{(}^{2}

{\mathit{F}}_{7/2}

)6${\mathit{s}}^{2}

6

{\mathit{p}}_{3/2}$ (J=2). The total angular momenta J of the autoionizing states were identified by comparing the line intensities from the spectra recorded with different combinations of the laser polarization. In this work, 17 autoionizing states including many new ones were investigated. For all these states Fano parameters and J values are measured.