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Physical Review A

Quantum kinematic theory of a point charge in a constant magnetic field

Jorge Krause

Published Dec 1, 1996• 12 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A group-theoretic quantization method is applied to the ``complete symmetry group'' describing the motion of a point charge in a constant magnetic field. Within the regular ray representation, the Schr\"odinger operator is obtained as the Casimir operator of the extended Lie algebra. Configuration ray representations of the complete group cast the Schr\"odinger operator into the familiar space-time differential operator. Next, ``group quantization'' yields the superselection rules, which produce irreducible configuration ray representations. In this way, the Schr\"odinger operator becomes diagonalized, together with the angular momentum. Finally, the evaluation of an invariant integral, over the group manifold, gives rise to the Feynman propagation kernel 〈t\ensuremath{'},x\ensuremath{'}|t,x〉 of the system. Everything stems from the assumed symmetry group. Neither canonical quantization nor the path-integral method is used in the present analysis. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.54.4691

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A group-theoretic quantization method is applied to the complete symmetry group'' describing the motion of a point charge in a constant magnetic field. Within the regular ray representation, the Schr\"odinger operator is obtained as the Casimir operator of the extended Lie algebra. Configuration ray representations of the complete group cast the Schr\"odinger operator into the familiar space-time differential operator. Next, group quantization'' yields the superselection rules, which produce irreducible configuration ray representations. In this way, the Schr"odinger operator becomes diagonalized, together with the angular momentum. Finally, the evaluation of an invariant integral, over the group manifold, gives rise to the Feynman propagation kernel 〈t\ensuremath{'},x\ensuremath{'}|t,x〉 of the system. Everything stems from the assumed symmetry group. Neither canonical quantization nor the path-integral method is used in the present analysis. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The formalism of non-Abelian quantum kinematics is applied to the Newtonian symmetry group of the harmonic oscillator. Within the regular ray representation of the group, the Schrödinger operator, as well as two other (new) invariant operators, are obtained as Casimir operators of the extended kinematic algebra. Superselection rules are then introduced, which permit the identification (and the explicit calculation) of the physical states of the system. Next, a complementary ray representation, attached to the space-time realization of the group, casts the Schrödinger operator into the familiar time-dependent space-time differential operator of the harmonic oscillator and thus, by means of the superselection rules, one obtains the time-dependent Schrödinger equation of the sytem. Finally, the evaluation of a Hurwitz invariant integral, over the group manifold, affords the well known Feynman space-time propagator 〈t′,x′‖t,x〉 of the simple harmonic oscillator. Everything comes out from the assumed symmetries of the system. The whole approach is group theoretic and ‘‘relativistic.’’ No classical analog is used in this ‘‘quantization’’ scheme.
The Galilean symmetry of a free particle in one-dimensional space is examined under the scope of non-Abelian quantum kinematics. Within the Hilbert space that carries the regular ray representation of the Galilei group the Schrödinger operator appears as one of the three fundamental invariants of the extended kinematic algebra. By means of a superselection rule the physical Hilbert subspaces of the system are identified, in which a complementary ray representation of the Galilean transformation produces the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, and the Feynman space-time propagator. The quantization approach used in this paper is purely group theoretic and relativistic.
Abstract The problem of quantizing a particle on a two-sphere has been treated by numerous approaches, including Isham’s global method based on unitary representations of a symplectic symmetry group that acts transitively on the phase space. Here we reconsider this simple model using Isham’s scheme, enriched by a magnetic flux through the sphere via a modification of the symplectic form. To maintain complete generality we construct the Hilbert space directly from the symmetry algebra, which is manifestly gauge-invariant, using ladder operators. In this way, we recover algebraically the complete classification of quantizations, and the corresponding energy spectra for the particle. The famous Dirac quantization condition for the monopole charge follows from the requirement that the classical and quantum Casimir invariants match. In an appendix we explain the relation between this approach and the more common one that assumes from the outset a Hilbert space of wave functions that are sections of a nontrivial line bundle over the sphere, and show how the Casimir invariants of the algebra determine the bundle topology.
A formalism of quantum kinematics which rests on the regular representation of a Lie group is proposed. This representation leads to explicit canonical commutation relations for non-Abelian dynamical variables which, together with the Lie algebra, define the kinematic algebra. Generalised equations of motion for the group-parameter-dependent operators, as well as generalised wave equations, are introduced over the group manifold considered as a background arena. The formalism proposed affords a method of geometric quantisation stemming directly from the observed symmetries of a system.
The Hilbert space of the unitary irreducible representations of a Lie group that is a quantum dynamical group are identified with the quantum state space. Hermitian representation of the algebra are observables. The eigenvalue equations for the representation of the set of Casimir invariant operators define the field equations of the system. A general class of dynamical groups are semidirect products K *s N for which the representations are given by Mackey's theory. The homogeneous group K must be a subgroup of the automorphisms of the normal group N. The archetype dynamical group is the Poincare group. The field equations defined by the representations of the Casimir operators define the basic equations of physics; Klein-Gordon, Dirac, Maxwell and so forth. This paper explores a more general dynamical group candidate that is also a semi-direct product but where the 'translation' normal subgroup N is now the Heisenberg group. The relevant automorphisms of the Heisenberg group are the symplectic group. This together with the requirement for an orthogonal metric leads to the pseudo-unitary group for the homogeneous group K. The physical meaning and motivation of this group, called the quaplectic group, is presented and the Hermitian irreducible representations of the algebra are determined. As with the Poincare group, choice of the group defines the Hilbert space of representations that are identified with quantum particle states. The field equations that are the eigenvalue equations for the representation of the Casimir operators, are obtained and investigated. The theory embodies the Born reciprocity principle and a new relativity principle.
Using the method of canonical group quantization, we construct the angular momentum operators associated to configuration spaces with the topology of (i) a sphere and (ii) a projective plane. In the first case, the angular momentum operators derived this way are the quantum version of Poincaré's vector, i.e., the physically correct angular momentum operators for an electron coupled to the field of a magnetic monopole. In the second case, the operators one obtains represent the angular momentum operators of a system of two indistinguishable spin zero quantum particles in three spatial dimensions. The relevance of the proposed formalism for the progress in our understanding of the spin–statistics connection in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics is discussed. Introduction The connection between the spin of quantum particles and the statistics they obey is a remarkable example of a simply stated physical fact without the recognition of which many physical phenomena (ranging from the stability of matter and the electronic configuration of atoms to Bose–Einstein condensation and superconductivity) would not have an explanation. Nevertheless, the simplicity of the assertion “integer spin particles obey Bose statistics, and half-integer spin particles obey Fermi statistics” stands in bold contrast to its intricate physical origin. Indeed, Pauli's proof of the spin–statistics theorem [Pau40] (improving on earlier work by Fierz [Fie39]), showed that the spin–statistics connection was deeply rooted in relativistic quantum field theory. The path to a rigorous proof of this theorem (from the mathematical point of view) was a long one and involved the efforts of many people (see, e.g., the book by Duck and Sudarshan [DS98b]).