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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Interaction among different Rydberg series of the europium atom

Xi Wang, Shen Li, Dai Chang-Jian

Published Jul 16, 2012• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The spectra of 4f76p1/2(J = 3 or 4)8s, 4f76p1/2(J = 3 or 4)6d and 4f75dnl autoionizing states of the europium atom are investigated using the resonance-ionization spectroscopy method via the same intermediate state, 4f76s(9S4o)8s 8S7/2. The profound interaction among different Rydberg series is observed in this work. The fingerprints of the 4f75d(7D)n′l′ series are identified from the complex structures of autoionization spectra of the 4f76p1/2(J = 3 or 4)8s and 4f76p1/2(J = 3 or 4)6d states. The information of these autoionizing states, such as their level energy, line width, is also provided.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/45/16/165001

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The spectra of 4f76p1/2(J = 3 or 4)8s, 4f76p1/2(J = 3 or 4)6d and 4f75dnl autoionizing states of the europium atom are investigated using the resonance-ionization spectroscopy method via the same intermediate state, 4f76s(9S4o)8s 8S7/2. The profound interaction among different Rydberg series is observed in this work. The fingerprints of the 4f75d(7D)n′l′ series are identified from the complex structures of autoionization spectra of the 4f76p1/2(J = 3 or 4)8s and 4f76p1/2(J = 3 or 4)6d states. The information of these autoionizing states, such as their level energy, line width, is also provided.
In this paper, two different detection methods, photoionization and autoionization, are combined to study the spectrum of highly excited states of Eu atom. On the one hand, the bound Eu spectrum with odd-parity in the region of 43927—45010 cm-1 has been measured. The spectral information, such as position and intensity, of 32 transitions can be deduced from the spectra with calibration and the error estimation. The information of excitation process and the selection rules enables us to determine their total angular momenta. Comparison with the related literature show that 12 of the states are newly discovered. On the other hand, we design an effective method to identify different types of highly excited states. The spectra of odd-parity states in the same region are measured by both photoionization and autoionization methods, from which we may separate the Rydberg states from the valence states. of the 32 transitions only 14 can be identified as Rydberg states, and the others are valence states. Furthermore, the effective quantum numbers of the Rydberg states are also discussed in detail with the quantum theory.
We have considered two types of interactions between particles resulting in autoionization of the intermediate Rydberg collisional complex.The first type is caused by the charge exchange processes inside the ionic core of the complex and is responsible for the formation of the final associative ionization channel due to the departure of a Rydberg electron (RE) of the complex to the energy continuum.We have investigated the evolution of the orbital momentum L of RE and discovered a non-trivial time dependence of L, demonstrating a contrasting oscillatory structure in both direction orientation and its absolute value.The second type of interaction, dipole-dipole interaction, dominates in cold highly excited gaseous media and leads to Penning ionization of various pairs of Rydberg atoms.We have found the optimal quantum configurations of atomic pairs, which intensify the PI rates by several orders of magnitude, and become important suppliers of charged particles upon the evolution of Rydberg gas into cold plasma.
The ionization of 6sns1S06sns^{1}S_{0}6sns1S0​ Rydberg states of 138Ba^{138}\mathrm{Ba}138Ba has been investigated by high-resolution electron spectroscopy. The Rydberg states were excited by two cw dye lasers via the 6s6p1P16s6p^{1}P_{1}6s6p1P1​ level. The electron spectra show rich structure between 0.025 and 3 eV, largely attributable to collisional (Penning) ionization, photoionization, and autoionizing transitions. The first process might be interpreted as superelastic scattering of the Rydberg electron by optically pumped Ba(6s6p1P1)\mathrm{Ba}(6s6p^{1}P_{1})Ba(6s6p1P1​) or Ba(6s5d1D2)\mathrm{Ba}(6s5d^{1}D_{2})Ba(6s5d1D2​) atoms.
The first detailed observation of the perturbations by an electric field of the Rydberg autoionizing resonances of a rare-gas atom is reported. The Stark spectroscopy of autoionizing Rydberg states converging to the second ionization limit $4{p}^{5}^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}^{o}$ in Kr I is performed in an atomic beam with the use of a two-step laser excitation from the 4p55s[32]204{p}^{5}5s{[\frac{3}{2}]}_{2}^{0}4p55s[23​]20​ metastable state. In addition to the verification of the ${({n}^{*})}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ dependence of the zero-field width of two autoionizing series and of the linear dependence of the Stark-manifold splittings with the electric field, we have observed an (n)0.7{(n)}^{0.7}(n)0.7 law for the dependence of the Stark-manifold splitting along the series, an important narrowing and dissymmetrization of the $n{d}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ resonances, and a nonlinear-field behavior of Stark-manifold components in the vicinity of the first anticrossing. Discussions are carried out with the use of the recent work on Rydberg-Stark spectroscopy and on autoionizing states in two-electron atoms.
The autoionizing states of ytterbium (Yb) were investigated by three-photon polarization spectroscopy. Ytterbium atoms were excited to autoionizing states through the transition 6s2{\mathit{s}}^{2}s2 1^{1}1S0{\mathit{S}}_{0}S0​--6s6p 3^{3}3P1{\mathit{P}}_{1}P1​--4f13{\mathit{f}}^{13}f13(2{(}^{2}(2F7/2{\mathit{F}}_{7/2}F7/2​)6${\mathit{s}}^{2}666{\mathit{p}}_{3/2}$ (J=2). The total angular momenta J of the autoionizing states were identified by comparing the line intensities from the spectra recorded with different combinations of the laser polarization. In this work, 17 autoionizing states including many new ones were investigated. For all these states Fano parameters and J values are measured.
The field ionization process of Eu 4f76 snp Rydberg states converging to the first ionization limit 4f76s9S4 was systematically investigated. Firstly,the spectra of Rydberg states 4f76 snp of Eu atom were measured using the three-step laser excitation and electric field ionization( EFI) method.Secondly,the EFI pulse( pulse width of 0. 2 μs) was applied after laser excitation. Then,we continuously scan field ionization voltage to observe the EFI process,and to realize the potential of field ionization we need to understand what happens to the atoms as the pulse field rises from 0 to 3 kV.The exact location of ionization threshold can be obtained when the peak of ionization field changes.Especially,above the threshold,some structures are found due to black body radiation( BBR).