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Science China Physics Mechanics and Astronomy

Controllable time delay using slow/fast light in active fiber ring resonators with gain manipulation

Pingping Xiao, Hongwu Hu, Min Qi

Published May 7, 2013• 4 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/s11433-013-5103-8

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All-optical group velocity manipulation of light, so-called slow and fast light, has drawn extensive attention due to its potential applications in the fields of optical signal processing, light storage, light-matter interaction enhancement, hypersensitive sensing and temporal cloak. Tremendous approaches of slow and fast light generation have been widely demonstrated by the creation of the sharp spectral resonances in the past decade. Specifically, superluminal propagation (larger-than-light velocity c) through the optical media has been proposed and validated in anomalous dispersion media. One effective approach is employing stimulated Brillouin scattering to harness the narrowband spectral resonance and thus generate slow and fast light in the optical fiber. In particular, Brillouin lasing oscillation has been experimentally demonstrated to generate fast and superluminal propagation in ten-meter optical fibers. Afterwards, the propagating distance over hundreds of meters has been experimentally demonstrated by the suppression of multiple-longitudinal-mode operation. However, the delay-bandwidth product or the fractional advancement is still fundamentally limited in conventional fast and slow light system. For example, the maximum advancement as well as the fractional temporal advancement are practically restricted due to the Brillouin gain saturation and multiple longitudinal mode lasing operation under high pump power in the Brillouin lasing resonance-based fast and superluminal system. In this paper, we experimentally validate the extension of time advancement of superluminal propagation based on Brillouin lasing oscillation for the first time. By employing two stages of single-frequency Brillouin lasing fiber ring resonators, Stokes lasing resonance was effectively created in each fiber ring cavity to deliver Brillouin-induced loss resonance at the center frequency of pump, which essentially leads to fast light and superluminal propagation of the pump light. Consequently, Gaussian signal pulses with the pulse width of 500 ns experiences cascaded Brillouin-induced fast light and even negative group-velocity superluminal propagation. The temporal advancement was basically extended to 365.8 ns which is twice than that of single stage fast light and superluminal system. Correspondingly, the fractional advancement was increased from 0.36 to 0.73. The maximum group velocity was 6.3 times larger than the light speed c in vacuum while negative-group- velocity propagation can be found in the range of −9.9 to −0.2 by increasing the total input power from 593.2 to 812.0 mW. Furthermore, the group index can be manipulated in the range of 1.5 to −4.0 by simply varying the total input pump power. It indicates superluminal signals can be cascaded to essentially extend the propagation distance and enlarge the temporal advancement. The scheme exhibits robustness in cascading Brillouin spectral loss resonance for temporal advancement enhancement as well as propagating distance extension. More importantly, the cascading design could basically eliminate the fundamental limitation introduced by Brillouin gain saturation and multiple longitudinal lasing mode under high power operation in single stage Brillouin fast and superluminal system. Further optimization could also be implemented by utilizing the nonstandard specialty fibers as Brillouin gain medium to achieve an efficient Brillouin lasing resonance for an enhanced advancement efficiency. Additionally, the combination with the cascading technique and long-cavity single-frequency Brillouin lasing resonance could enable the feasibility of distance-limitless and large-advancement superluminal propagation, paving a way for promising applications in sensing and temporal cloak.

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We report controllable manipulation of slow and fast light in a whispering-gallery-mode microtoroid resonator fabricated from Erbium (Er3+) doped silica. We observe continuous transition of the coupling between the fiber-taper waveguide and the microresonator from undercoupling to critical coupling and then to overcoupling regimes by increasing the pump power even though the spatial distance between the resonator and the waveguide was kept fixed. This, in turn, enables switching from fast to slow light and vice versa just by increasing the optical gain. An enhancement of delay of two-fold over the passive silica resonator (no optical gain) was observed in the slow light regime. Moreover, we show dynamic pulse splitting and its control in slow/fast light systems using optical gain.
Introducing active gain in the optical waveguide resonator not only compensates the loss, but also can change the dispersion relationship in the ring resonator. It is demonstrated that the group delay time is negative when the resonator is in the undercoupled condition, which also means the resonator exhibits the fast light effect. Theoretical analysis indicates that fast light effect due to anomalous dispersion, would be manipulated by the gain coefficient controlled by the input pump light power and that fast light would enhance scale factor of the optical resonant gyroscope. Resonance optical gyroscope (ROG)’s scale factor for measuring rotation rate is enhanced by anomalous dispersion with superluminal light propagation. The sensitivity of ROG could be enhanced by anomalous dispersion by coupled resonators even considering the effect of anomalous dispersion and propagation gain on broadened linewidth, and this could result in at least two orders of magnitude enhancement in sensitivity.
All-optical group velocity manipulation of light, so-called slow and fast light, has drawn extensive attention due to its potential applications in the fields of optical signal processing, light storage, light-matter interaction enhancement, hypersensitive sensing and temporal cloak. Tremendous approaches of slow and fast light generation have been widely demonstrated by the creation of the sharp spectral resonances in the past decade. Specifically, superluminal propagation (larger-than-light velocity c) through the optical media has been proposed and validated in anomalous dispersion media. One effective approach is employing stimulated Brillouin scattering to harness the narrowband spectral resonance and thus generate slow and fast light in the optical fiber. In particular, Brillouin lasing oscillation has been experimentally demonstrated to generate fast and superluminal propagation in ten-meter optical fibers. Afterwards, the propagating distance over hundreds of meters has been experimentally demonstrated by the suppression of multiple-longitudinal-mode operation. However, the delay-bandwidth product or the fractional advancement is still fundamentally limited in conventional fast and slow light system. For example, the maximum advancement as well as the fractional temporal advancement are practically restricted due to the Brillouin gain saturation and multiple longitudinal mode lasing operation under high pump power in the Brillouin lasing resonance-based fast and superluminal system. In this paper, we experimentally validate the extension of time advancement of superluminal propagation based on Brillouin lasing oscillation for the first time. By employing two stages of single-frequency Brillouin lasing fiber ring resonators, Stokes lasing resonance was effectively created in each fiber ring cavity to deliver Brillouin-induced loss resonance at the center frequency of pump, which essentially leads to fast light and superluminal propagation of the pump light. Consequently, Gaussian signal pulses with the pulse width of 500 ns experiences cascaded Brillouin-induced fast light and even negative group-velocity superluminal propagation. The temporal advancement was basically extended to 365.8 ns which is twice than that of single stage fast light and superluminal system. Correspondingly, the fractional advancement was increased from 0.36 to 0.73. The maximum group velocity was 6.3 times larger than the light speed c in vacuum while negative-group- velocity propagation can be found in the range of −9.9 to −0.2 by increasing the total input power from 593.2 to 812.0 mW. Furthermore, the group index can be manipulated in the range of 1.5 to −4.0 by simply varying the total input pump power. It indicates superluminal signals can be cascaded to essentially extend the propagation distance and enlarge the temporal advancement. The scheme exhibits robustness in cascading Brillouin spectral loss resonance for temporal advancement enhancement as well as propagating distance extension. More importantly, the cascading design could basically eliminate the fundamental limitation introduced by Brillouin gain saturation and multiple longitudinal lasing mode under high power operation in single stage Brillouin fast and superluminal system. Further optimization could also be implemented by utilizing the nonstandard specialty fibers as Brillouin gain medium to achieve an efficient Brillouin lasing resonance for an enhanced advancement efficiency. Additionally, the combination with the cascading technique and long-cavity single-frequency Brillouin lasing resonance could enable the feasibility of distance-limitless and large-advancement superluminal propagation, paving a way for promising applications in sensing and temporal cloak.