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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

10 Gbps quantum stream cipher by Y-00 for super HDTV transmission with provable security

Osamu Hirota, Tetsuya Shimizu, Takehiko Katayama, Katsuyoshi Harasawa

Published Sep 11, 2007• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This paper proposes an application of quantum stream cipher by Yuen-2000 protocol (Y-00) to transmission of High Definition Television(HDTV) and super HDTV signals. First, we summarize several adhoc strengthening methods of security which may provide provable security under individual quantum measurement. Y-00 with the modifications has a provable practical security for HDTV transmission system in which one never needs the change of the seed key forever. Second, we give a brief report on a demonstration of quantum stream cipher by the basic Y-00 of 2.4 Gbps in a real commercial optical network of 196 km by Hitachi Inform.and Commun.Eng. And how to improve it to 10 Gbps system with provable security is discussed, which is a national project of NICT. Finally, design parameters for its application to HDTV(1.48 Gbps) and super HDTV(24 Gbps) of 4320 scanning lines and 60 frame/sec are clarified.

DOI
10.1117/12.731378

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This paper proposes an application of quantum stream cipher by Yuen-2000 protocol (Y-00) to transmission of High Definition Television(HDTV) and super HDTV signals. First, we summarize several adhoc strengthening methods of security which may provide provable security under individual quantum measurement. Y-00 with the modifications has a provable practical security for HDTV transmission system in which one never needs the change of the seed key forever. Second, we give a brief report on a demonstration of quantum stream cipher by the basic Y-00 of 2.4 Gbps in a real commercial optical network of 196 km by Hitachi Inform.and Commun.Eng. And how to improve it to 10 Gbps system with provable security is discussed, which is a national project of NICT. Finally, design parameters for its application to HDTV(1.48 Gbps) and super HDTV(24 Gbps) of 4320 scanning lines and 60 frame/sec are clarified.
The security issue for the next generation optical network which realizes Cloud Computing System Service with data center" is urgent problem. In such a network, the encryption by physical layer which provide super security and small delay should be employed. It must provide, however, very high speed encryption because the basic link is operated at 2.5 Gbit/sec or 10 Gbit/sec. The quantum stream cipher by Yuen-2000 protocol (Y-00) is a completely new type random cipher so called Gauss-Yuen random cipher, which can break the Shannon limit for the symmetric key cipher. We develop such a cipher which has good balance of the security, speed and cost performance. In SPIE conference on quantum communication and quantum imaging V, we reported a demonstration of 2.5 Gbit/sec system for the commercial link and proposed how to improve it to 10 Gbit/sec. This paper reports a demonstration of the Y-00 cipher system which works at 10 Gbit/sec. A transmission test in a laboratory is tried to get the basic data on what parameters are important to operate in the real commercial networks. In addition, we give some theoretical results on the security. It is clarified that the necessary condition to break the Shannon limit requires indeed the quantum phenomenon, and that the full information theoretically secure system is available in the satellite link application.
In this talk, we present a design of keyed randomization, and an experiment for quantum stream cipher by Yuen protocol which can realize a randomized stream cipher with Gbps for long distance. A simple explanation of why Y-00 is more secure than any type of the conventional stream cipher is given, showing Y-00 with keyed randomization, for example, overlapping selection keying:OSK. That is, the noiseless Y-00 with OSK is equivalent of the conventional stream cipher, but the noise is inevitable. So one can easily see that the security is enhanced by the noise. In addition, we give a design for the implementation of the intensity modulation scheme and report the experimental demonstration of 1 Gbps quantum stream cipher with OSK randomization through 20~40 km long transmission line. This may provide a way to go toward the broad market applications which require security, high speed, compact size, maintenance free, and low price.
The security in the next generation optical network which realizes "Cloud Computing System Service with data center" is one of the most important problems. In such a network, the encryption in physical layer which provide super security and small delay is a preferable. It has to be applicable, however, to very high speed data because the basic link is operated at 2.5 Gbit/sec ~ 10 Gbit/sec. The quantum stream cipher by Yuen-2000 protocol (Y00) is a completely new type of random cipher, which can exceed the Shannon limit of the symmetric key cipher. This paper extends some theoretical results on the security for quantum stream cipher such as Y00 protocol and generalized Y00. First, the conditions to exceed the Shannon limit are summarized. We formulate a generalized secret capacity in the sense of wire tap channel supported by secret key to clarify a cipher exceeding the Shannon limit. The generalized secret capacities for space communication and fiber communication based on the generalized Y00 are given. When the relaxation of physical constraint or device limit of the eavesdropper is allowed, we point out that a cipher scheme exceeding the Shannon limit can be realized only by the conventional optical system.
We investigate the Yuen 2000 (so-called Y-00)-protocol, which can realize a randomized stream cipher with high bit rate (Gbit/s) for long distances (several hundreds km). The randomized stream cipher with randomization by quantum noise based on the Y-00 protocol is called a quantum stream cipher in this paper, and it may have security against known plaintext attacks which has no analog with any conventional symmetric key ciphers. We present a simple cryptanalysis based on an attacker's heterodyne measurement and a quantum unambiguous measurement to make clear the strength of the Y-00 protocol in real communication. In addition, we give a design for the implementation of an intensity-modulation scheme and report an experimental demonstration of 1Gbit∕s1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Gbit}∕\mathrm{s}1Gbit∕s quantum stream cipher through a $20\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{km}$-long transmission line.
What obstructs the realization of useful quantum cryptography is single photon scheme or entanglement which is not applicable to the current infrastructure of optical communication network. We are concerned with the following question: Can we realize the information theoretically secure symmetric key cipher under "the finite secret key" based on quantum-optical communications? A role of quantum information theory is to give an answer for such a question. As an answer for the question a new quantum cryptography was proposed by H. P. Yuen which can realize a secure symmetric key cipher with high speeds(Gbps) and for long distance(1000 Km). Although some researchers claim that Yuen protocol(Y-OO) is equivalent to the classical cryptography they arc all mistaken. Indeed it has no classical analogue and also provides a generalization even in the conventional cryptography. At present it is proved that a basic model of Y-OO has at least the security such as H(X/YE)=H(K/YE)=H(K), H(K/YE,X)~0 under the average photon number per signal light pulse:<n>~10000. Towards our final goal in this paper we clarify a role of classical randomness(secret key) and quantum randomness in Y-OO and give a rigorous quantum mechanical interpretation of the security showing an analysis of quantum collective attack.
In 2000, an attractive new quantum cryptography was discovered by H.P.Yuen based on quantum communication theory. It is applicable to direct encryption, for example quantum stream cipher based on Yuen protocol(Y-00), with high speeds and for long distance by sophisticated optical devices which can work under the average photon number per signal light pulse:<n>=1000sim10000<n> = 1000 \\sim 10000<n>=1000sim10000. In addition, it may provide information-theoretic security against known/chosen plaintext attack, which has no classical analogue. That is, one can provide secure communication, even the system has H(K)<<H(X)H(K) << H(X)H(K)<<H(X). In this paper, first, we give a brief review on the general logic of Yuen's theory. Then, we show concrete security analysis of quantum stream cipher to quantum individual measurement attacks. Especially by showing the analysis of Lo-Ko known plaintext attack, the feature of Y-00 is clarified. In addition, we give a simple experimental result on the advantage distillation by scheme consisting of intensity modulation/direct detection optical communication.