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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Slow-light-enhanced correlated photon pair generation in a silicon photonic crystal coupled-resonator optical waveguide

Nobuyuki Matsuda, Hiroki Takesue, Kaoru Shimizu, 康弘 都倉, Eiichi Kuramochi, Masaya Notomi

Published May 1, 2013• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

For large-scale, multi-partite photonic quantum information system, stable on-demand single photon sources are particularly important building blocks. A scheme to implement the source is to multiplex many heralded single photon sources of identical photon pair generators. To achieve this, we must increase the integration density of the photon pair generators. Slow light enhanced nonlinearity in Si photonic waveguides has proven useful for reducing the device size. So far, we demonstrated that coupled-resonator optical waveguides (CROWs) based on photonic crystal (PhC) nanocavities exhibited the largest nonlinear constant γ (/W/m) in Si-core waveguides thanks to the slow light enhancement and a strong spatial field confinement achieved by PhC nanocavities. Using the PhC-cavity-based CROW, we demonstrate efficient correlated photon pair generation.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2013.6801635

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For large-scale, multi-partite photonic quantum information system, stable on-demand single photon sources are particularly important building blocks. A scheme to implement the source is to multiplex many heralded single photon sources of identical photon pair generators. To achieve this, we must increase the integration density of the photon pair generators. Slow light enhanced nonlinearity in Si photonic waveguides has proven useful for reducing the device size. So far, we demonstrated that coupled-resonator optical waveguides (CROWs) based on photonic crystal (PhC) nanocavities exhibited the largest nonlinear constant γ (/W/m) in Si-core waveguides thanks to the slow light enhancement and a strong spatial field confinement achieved by PhC nanocavities. Using the PhC-cavity-based CROW, we demonstrate efficient correlated photon pair generation.
Generating correlated photons is an essential technology for photonic quantum information experiments. Increasing the generation efficiency of photon pairs via the enhancement of material nonlinearity is important for various applications including a near-on-demand single photon source based on multiplexed photon pair sources [1]. In this regard, photonic crystal nanocavities are attractive nonlinear media thanks to a high Q value and a wavelength-sized mode volume, which lead to the significant nonlinearity enhancement. However, such cavities generally support single resonant mode, whereas multiple resonance frequencies are required for photon pair generation processes. Coupled photonic crystal nanocavities have been studied to obtain multiple resonance frequencies [2-4]. However, there has been no report on the resonant photon pair generation from the coupled photonic crystal cavities.
Entangled multi-mode squeezed states of light have a wide variety of applications in quantum information systems, particularly in the generation of non-Gaussian states of light, which are central to continuous-variable quantum computing. Although theoretical approaches exist to model the nonlinear generation of one- and two-mode entangled states of light in ring resonator systems, these approaches are difficult to implement in modeling more complicated many-cavity systems. In this work, we present an efficient and accurate theoretical approach to modeling the generation and propagation of quantum states of light in lossy coupled-cavity systems containing a two- or three-mode nonlinear resonant structure. Our approach is general and computationally viable even in systems with hundreds of modes. We apply our method to the design and modeling of a multimode photonic crystal coupled-cavity system for the generation of entangled squeezed states of light on-chip. The system consists of a three-mode resonant structure coupled to three coupled-resonator optical waveguides (CROWs) in a square lattice silicon photonic crystal slab. The computational speed of the method allows us to efficiently optimize the system such that the signal and idler light in the two output CROWs remains entangled even after propagating tens of cavities down the CROWs.
We report the generation of correlated photon pairs in the telecom C-band at room temperature from a dispersion-engineered silicon photonic crystal waveguide. The spontaneous four-wave mixing process producing the photon pairs is enhanced by slow-light propagation enabling an active device length of less than 100 μm. With a coincidence to accidental ratio of 12.8 at a pair generation rate of 0.006 per pulse, this ultracompact photon pair source paves the way toward scalable quantum information processing realized on-chip.
We report the characterization of correlated photon pairs generated in dispersion-engineered silicon slow-light photonic crystal waveguides pumped by picosecond pulses. We found that taking advantage of the 15-nm flat-band slow-light window (vg~c/30), the bandwidth for correlated photon-pair generation in 96- and 196-μm-long waveguides was at least 11.2 nm, while a 396-μm-long waveguide reduced the bandwidth to 8 nm (only half of the slow-light bandwidth due to the increased impact of phase matching in a longer waveguide). The key metrics for a photon-pair source: coincidence to accidental ratio (CAR) and pair brightness were measured to be a maximum 33 at a pair generation rate of 0.004 pair per pulse in a 196- μm-long waveguide. Within the measurement errors, the maximum CAR achieved in 96-, 196-, and 396-μm-long waveguides is constant. The noise analysis shows that detector dark counts, leaked pump light, linear and nonlinear losses, multiple pair generation, and detector jitter are the limiting factors to the CAR performance of the sources.
We report the first entanglement generation experiment using an on-chip slow light device. With highly efficient spontaneous four-wave mixing enhanced by the slow light effect in a coupled resonator optical waveguide based on a silicon photonic crystal, we generated 1.5-μm-band high-dimensional time-bin entangled photon pairs. We undertook two-photon interference experiments and observed the coincidence fringes with visibilities >74%. The present result enables us to realize an on-chip entanglement source with a very small footprint, which is an essential function for quantum information processing based on integrated quantum photonics.