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Europhysics Letters (EPL)

Topological model of the composite fermions

Konrad Wieczorek, Lucjan Jacak

Published Jul 1, 2002• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is shown that composite fermions—particles which appear in fractional quantum Hall effect, and are statistically different from anyons—could be described within braid group formalism. In the proposed model some ways of exchange of bare particles of composite particles are restricted. The new group describing exchanges of particles is defined. The description of such a group is included and the unitary one-dimensional representation of this group is found. An explicit form of this group for two exemplary cases is presented.

DOI
10.1209/epl/i2002-00110-7

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It is shown that composite fermions—particles which appear in fractional quantum Hall effect, and are statistically different from anyons—could be described within braid group formalism. In the proposed model some ways of exchange of bare particles of composite particles are restricted. The new group describing exchanges of particles is defined. The description of such a group is included and the unitary one-dimensional representation of this group is found. An explicit form of this group for two exemplary cases is presented.
The book presents the wide range of topics in two-dimensional physics of quantum Hall systems, especially fractional quantum Hall states. It starts with the fundamental problems of quantum statistics in two dimensions and the corresponding braid group formalism. The braid group formalism of anyons (previously known) is developed for composite fermions. The main formalism used in many-body quantum Hall theories -- the Chern-Simons theory is also presented. The Chern-Simons theory of anyons (particles obeying fractional statistics) and composite fermions (related to Hall systems) is given, in detail. Numerical studies, which play the important role in quantum Hall theories, are presented for spherical systems (Haldane sphere). The composite fermion theory is tested in numerical studies. The concept of the hierarchy of condensed states of composite fermion excitations is introduced (in analogy to the Haldane hierarchy)1). The hierarchies of odd-denominator states and even-denominator states are presented. The BCS paired Hall state is also discussed. The introduction into multi-component quantum Hall systems and spin quantum Hall systems is sketched. 1)First condensed states of composite fermion excitations have been very recently confirmed in the experiment (Pan et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (2003) 016801). a sample of this book is available at http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-852870-1
Abstract The book presents the wide range of topics in two-dimensional physics of quantum Hall systems, especially fractional quantum Hall states. It starts with the fundamental problems of quantum statistics in two dimensions and the corresponding braid group formalism. The braid group formalism of anyons (previously known) is developed for composite fermions. The effective formalism used in many-body quantum Hall theories — the Chern–Simons theory is also presented. The Chern–Simons theory of anyons (particles obeying fractional statistics) and composite fermions (related to Hall systems) is given, in detail. Numerical studies, which play the important role in quantum Hall analyses, are presented for spherical systems (Haldane sphere). The composite fermion theory is tested in numerical studies. The concept of the hierarchy of condensed states of composite fermion excitations is introduced (in analogy to the Haldane hierarchy). The hierarchies of odd-denominator states and even-denominator states are presented. The BCS paired Hall state is also discussed. An introduction to multi-component quantum Hall systems and spin quantum Hall systems is sketched.
A new implementation of composite fermions, and more generally — of composite anyons is formulated, exploiting one-dimensional unitary representations of appropriately constructed subgroups of the full braid group, in accordance with a cyclotron motion of 2D charged particle systems. The nature of hypothetical fluxes attached to the Jain's composite fermions is explained via additional cyclotron trajectory loops consistently with braid subgroup structure. It is demonstrated that composite fermions and composite anyons are rightful 2D particles (not an auxiliary construction) associated with cyclotron braid subgroups instead of the full braid group, which may open a new opportunity for non-Abelian composite anyons for quantum information processing applications.
The commutation relations of composite fields are studied in the 3, 2 and 1 spatial dimensions. It is shown that the field of an atom consisting of a nucleus field and an electron field satisfies, in the space-like asymptotic limit, the canonical commutation relations within the sub-Fock space of the atom. The field-particle duality in the bound state is discussed from a statistical point of view. Then, the commutation relations of the scalar object in the Schwinger (Thirring) model are briefly discussed and they are shown to be consistent with its interpretation as the Nambu-Goldstone boson. The composite anyon fields are shown to satisfy the proper anyonic commutation relations with additive phase exponents. Then, quasiparticle picture of the anyons is clarified under the restriction of this additivity. The difference between field and particle characteristics becomes more prominent in the 2-dimensional space. It is argued that the hierarchy of the fractional quantum Hall effect can be rather simply understood by utilizing the quasiparticle characters of the anyons in the case that the background-boson gauge is assumed. To contrast with this case, the composite fermion theories are critically reviewed.
The composite fermion (CF) theory gives both a phenomenological description for many fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states, as well as a microscopic construction for large scale numerical calculation of these topological phases. The fundamental postulate of mapping FQH states of electrons to integer quantum Hall (IQH) states of CFs, however, was not formally established. The Landau level (LL) projection needed for the microscopic calculations is in some sense uncontrolled and unpredictable. We rigorously derive the unitary relationship between electrons and the CFs, showing the latter naturally emerge from special interactions within a single LL, without resorting to any projection by hand. In this framework, all FQH states topologically equivalent to those described by the conventional CF theory (e.g., the Jain series) have exact model Hamiltonians that can be explicitly derived, and we can easily generalize to FQH states from interacting CFs. Our derivations reveal fundamental connections between the CF theory and the pseudopotential/Jack polynomial constructions, and argue that all Abelian CF states are physically equivalent to the IQH states, while a plethora of non-Abelian CF states can be systematically constructed and classified. We also discuss about implications to experiments and effective field theory descriptions based on the descriptions with CFs as elementary particles.
A recently developed hierarchy theory of the fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is reviewed in this article. We use a many quasiparticle (QP) wave function to obtain the effective partition function of a FQHE system in the path-integral representation, which has been shown to be formally equivalent to an anyon system confined to the lowest Landau level. However the two systems are different in the dimension of the Hilbert space, which implies that the standard hierarchy theory is invalid beyond second hierarchical states. The only way to overcome the difficulty is to place anyons in higher Landau levels. By making a mean-field approximation to the statistical gauge field, the QPs are converted to bosons and a constraint boson system is derived. We find a new type of condensate of the bosonic QPs, which results in a new type of incompressible states of the electrons. These states which involve only two hierarchies should have higher stability over others. That explains why some sequences of filling fractions occur prominently in experiment. Finally, we show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the new hierarchy theory and the composite fermion theory proposed by Jain.