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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General

SO(2,1)-invariant systems and the Berry phase

José M. Cerveró, Juan D Lejarreta

Published Jul 21, 1989• 41 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The general quadratic time-dependent quantum Hamiltonian is analysed using a time-dependent realisation of its SO(2,1) invariance Lie algebra. Several interesting features of this procedure are pointed out. As an example, the authors easily calculate dynamical and geometrical (Berry) phases using only an algebraic procedure. An incorrect result previously published by another author is also pointed out.

DOI
10.1088/0305-4470/22/14/001

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The general quadratic time-dependent quantum Hamiltonian is analysed using a time-dependent realisation of its SO(2,1) invariance Lie algebra. Several interesting features of this procedure are pointed out. As an example, the authors easily calculate dynamical and geometrical (Berry) phases using only an algebraic procedure. An incorrect result previously published by another author is also pointed out.
A generalisation of the Berry phase, which reduces to the usual Berry phase in the adiabatic and cyclic case is derived in a gauge-invariant way. This generalised Berry phase, unlike the Berry phase, is invariant under unitary transformations. A time-dependent generalised harmonic oscillator with a cross term in the Hamiltonian is taken as an example. The Hamiltonian of this system is not in general the energy. An energy, the time derivative of which is the power, is obtained from the equation of motion. When the system is quantised, the generalised Berry phase is zero, and remains invariant under unitary transformations. On the other hand, if the energy is chosen to be the Hamiltonian, a non-zero generalised Berry phase is obtained, but the power is given incorrectly. In this case the total phase, which includes the dynamical phase and the generalised Berry phase, is equal in the adiabatic limit to the correct total phase.
We give a short review of some aspects of the dynamics of time-dependent quantum systems. In particular we discuss how to recast time-periodic quantum problems into an equivalent time-independent form, contrasting the results with those gained for a similar reformulation in the case of general time-dependence. This approach, usually known under the name of Floquet theory, can be used to clarify the structure of, for example, invariants of the given quantum system. We also apply it to the calculation of the Berry phase and show how it enables us to understand Berry phases for time-independent systems. This involves rewriting earlier work of the author in a coordinate-free fashion
The unitary operator V ( t ) that diagonalizes the time-dependent quadratic Hamiltonian (TDQH) into a time-dependent harmonic oscillator (TDHO) is obtained using a Lie algebra. The method involves a factorization of the TDQH into a TDHO through a unitary Bogoliubov transformation in terms of creation and annihilation operators with time-dependent coefficients. It is shown that this operator can be easily achieved by means of the factorization, together with the commonly known Wei–Norman theorem. We discuss the conditions under which this unitary operator converges to the evolution operator U ( t ) of the Schrödinger equation for the TDQH, giving then a straightforward calculation of the evolution operator with respect to the procedures published in the literature.
Using an algebraic approach, it is possible to obtain the temporal evolution wave function for a Gaussian wave-packet obeying the quadratic time-dependent Hamiltonian (QTDH). However, in general, most of the practical cases are not exactly solvable, for we need general solutions of the Riccatti equations which are not generally known. We therefore bypass directly solving for the temporal evolution wave function, and study its inverse problem. We start with a particular evolution of the wave-packet, and get the required Hamiltonian by using the inverse method. The inverse approach opens up a new way to find new exact solutions to the QTDH. Some typical examples are studied in detail. For a specific time-dependent periodic harmonic oscillator, the Berry phase is obtained exactly.