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Physical review. D. Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology/Physical review. D. Particles and fields

Squeezed and coherent states of fractional photons

Jacob Katriel, Mario Rasetti, A. I. Solomon

Published Feb 15, 1987• 46 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We define k'-photon uncertainties \ensuremath{\Delta}${X}_{(k\mathcal{'})}$,\ensuremath{\Delta}${P}_{(k\mathcal{'})}$ in k-photon states, and show that all such calculations can be correlated using a fractional photon index r\ensuremath{\equiv}k'/k. We exemplify by choosing as k-photon states the coherent states of the k-photon generalized harmonic oscillator, and also the group-theoretic coherent states corresponding to Holstein-Primakoff realizations of SU(2) and SU(1,1). We compute the squeezing obtained in these cases, and show that they have a common limit.

DOI
10.1103/physrevd.35.1248

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We define k'-photon uncertainties \ensuremath{\Delta}X(k′){X}_{(k\mathcal{'})}X(k′)​,\ensuremath{\Delta}P(k′){P}_{(k\mathcal{'})}P(k′)​ in k-photon states, and show that all such calculations can be correlated using a fractional photon index r\ensuremath{\equiv}k'/k. We exemplify by choosing as k-photon states the coherent states of the k-photon generalized harmonic oscillator, and also the group-theoretic coherent states corresponding to Holstein-Primakoff realizations of SU(2) and SU(1,1). We compute the squeezing obtained in these cases, and show that they have a common limit.
The multiphoton squeezed states defined in this paper are generalizations of the conventional coherent (Glauber) and squeezed (Yuen) states previously discussed by many authors. We define multiphoton generalizations of the latter by a unified class of states that includes the Holstein–Primakoff realizations of SU(2) and SU(1, 1) as well as the standard harmonic oscillator coherent states (Weyl–Heisenberg group) and squeezed states in a general framework that allows also non-Hermitian realizations. We determine the squeezing properties of these states in a unified formalism and study numerically their dependence on the parameter classifying the states.
Generalized q-boson operators associated with the simultaneous creation of several q-bosons are introduced. These operators give rise to a realization of the quantum Weyl-Heisenberg algebra and are applied to the construction of corresponding Holstein-Primakoff realizations of the quantum algebras SU q (2) and SU q (1,1). Coherent states of these algebras are defined in the various ways suggested by the equivalent definitions of the harmonic oscillator coherent states, and some of their properties are studied. Particular attention is devoted to the squeezing properties of the quadrature of the electromagnetic field in these states.
A set of deformed k-boson operators are defined and it is shown that the nonlinear transformations from the usual deformed oscillator operators to the deformed k-boson operators form an Abelian group. It is shown that the multiboson operators satisfy quantum Weyl–Heisenberg group. The generalized Holstein–Primakoff realizations in terms of these multibosons operators are used to define the quantum group-theoretic coherent states of SUq(1,1) and SUq(2). The uncertainties ΔX(k′,q) and ΔP(k′,q) with respect to those group-theoretic and generalized coherent states are computed explicitly and the results show that these coherent states are squeezed.
The theory of generalized coherent states associated with the SU(2) and SU(1,1) Lie algebras is discussed and applied in an investigation of possible reductions of fluctuations. In the framework of a system of N two-level atoms the squeezing of angular-momentum [SU(2)] fluctuations is exhibited for optical coherent transients involving the photon echo. The SU(1,1) fluctuations are discussed and established for general two-photon processes involving dynamical variables different from the creation and annihilation operators.
Certain superposition (linear combination) of energy eigenfunctions of linear harmonic oscillators are called coherent states because they are of significance in optics for the representation of coherent light waves. A hallmark of coherent states is that the variances (squares of the uncertainties) of x and px are constant in time and further their product becomes the minimum value allowed by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. On the other hand, some linear combinations of harmonic oscillator energy functions give rise to squeezed states . A curious property of squeezed states is that the variances of x and px oscillate in time 180o out of phase with one another with the frequency twice of the oscillator. The wave packet of a coherent state possesses a minimum uncertainty. 〈x〉 and 〈px〉 have the same oscillatory forms as in the classical case. The coherent states have also been called minimum uncertainty coherent states, the Schrödinger coherent states or the Glauber coherent states [1-6]. The squeezed states are sometimes referred to in the literature as two-photon coherent states and generalized coherent states.