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Advances in Mathematical Physics

Quantum Dynamical Semigroups and Decoherence

Mario Hellmich

Published Jan 1, 2011• 14 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We prove a version of the Jacobs‐de Leeuw‐Glicksberg splitting theorem for weak* continuous one‐parameter semigroups on dual Banach spaces. This result is applied to give sufficient conditions for a quantum dynamical semigroup to display decoherence. The underlying notion of decoherence is that introduced by Blanchard and Olkiewicz (2003). We discuss this notion in some detail.

DOI
10.1155/2011/625978

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We prove a version of the Jacobs‐de Leeuw‐Glicksberg splitting theorem for weak* continuous one‐parameter semigroups on dual Banach spaces. This result is applied to give sufficient conditions for a quantum dynamical semigroup to display decoherence. The underlying notion of decoherence is that introduced by Blanchard and Olkiewicz (2003). We discuss this notion in some detail.
Decoherence for positive semigroups on M2(C{\mathbb C}CC)
We extend Blanchard and Olkiewicz's definition of decoherence to open quantum systems whose dynamics are described by semigroups of positive (and not necessarily completely positive) operators on B(h)\mathcal {B}(\mathsf {h})B(h)B(h). In particular, in the case h=C2\mathsf {h}=\mathbb {C}^2h=C2h=C2, we completely characterize the decomposition B(h)=M1⊕M2\mathcal {B}(\mathsf {h}) =\mathcal {M}_1\oplus \mathcal {M}_2B(h)=M1​⊕M2​B(h)=M1⊕M2 of B(h)\mathcal {B}(\mathsf {h})B(h)B(h) in the sum of a decoherence-free part M1\mathcal {M}_1M1​M1 and of a space M2\mathcal {M}_2M2​M2 on which the semigroup vanishes with time.
Semigroups of operators are known to play an important role in theoretical physics. In particular, quantum dynamical semigroups are fundamental in the theory of open quantum systems. We will describe a class of semigroups of operators which has interesting applications, for instance, in quantum information science. Each of these semigroups of operators is generated, in a suitable way, by a representation (or an antirepresentation) of a group in a Banach space and by a convolution semigroup of probability measures on that group. Some significant examples—including a remarkable type of quantum dynamical semigroups introduced by Kossakowski in the pioneering times of the theory of open quantum systems—and their mutual relations will be discussed.
A new class of quasifree quantum Markov semigroups on C*-algebras of canonical commutation relations is introduced and discussed. Two applications to decoherence in the Heisenberg representation are given. In the first one the dynamical semigroup which leads to the appearance of decoherence induced superselection rules corresponding to the boundary conditions of a quantum particle in a finite interval is considered. The second example analyzes the possibility of the transition from infinite systems to systems with a finite number of degrees of freedom.
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This paper is devoted to the aspects of derivation of dynamics equation of quantum system under a stochastic dynamics. We study the conditions, under which a sequence of random variations of wave function can approximate a random diffusion process in a Hilbert space. A random variation $|\psi_0\rangle \mapsto G_{t_N}\ldots G_{t_1}|\psi_0\rangle =|\psi_{t_N}\rangle $ is associated with a transform of distribution of vector $|\psi\rangle $, as well as with the variation of its characteristic functional φ(v)=Eexp⁡(iRe⁡⟨v∣ψ⟩).\varphi(v)=\mathbb{E}\exp(i\operatorname{Re}\langle v|\psi\rangle ).φ(v)=Eexp(iRe⟨v∣ψ⟩). For a continuous random walk we study the approximation of a Markov semigroup by the Markov operators of discrete random walk. We pay a special attention to the cases, when the derivative of random operator F′(0)F'(0)F′(0) is an unbounded operator. However, we restrict the consideration to the case when the Markov operators of random walks with the operators GtG_tGt​ mutually commute. The characteristic functional is transformed by the Markov operator of adjoint process, and in contrast to the dynamics of wave function, it has a deterministic nature that allows us to rely on the developed theory of semigroups in Banach spaces. The most illustrative examples are the process of continuous measurement, that is, the measurement of trajectories of some observable, and the random control.