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Physical Review A

Absorptionless self-phase-modulation via dark-state electromagnetically induced transparency

Vincent Wong, Robert W. Boyd, Carlos R. Stroud, Ryan S. Bennink, David L. Aronstein, Q‐Han Park

Published Dec 13, 2001• 29 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study a combination of two-level electromagnetically induced transparency and dark states, and show that desirable features of both phenomena can be obtained in a single system. In particular, large self-phase modulation can be produced without pump or probe absorption, and without spontaneous-emission noise. We point out possible application of our system as a source for squeezed light.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.65.013810

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We study a combination of two-level electromagnetically induced transparency and dark states, and show that desirable features of both phenomena can be obtained in a single system. In particular, large self-phase modulation can be produced without pump or probe absorption, and without spontaneous-emission noise. We point out possible application of our system as a source for squeezed light.
Summary form only given. The field of quantum optics was greatly enriched with the discovery of dark states and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Although these two processes give similar effects, they are distinctly different. Dark states (Gray et al, 1978) are quantum states created in a three-level lambda system that is decoupled from the excited state. Some of the main features are zero linear absorption, no population in the excited state and no spontaneous emission. One limiting factor of a dark state system is that self-phase modulation disappears together with absorption. EIT is a nonlinear effect that can provide transparency to a probe field in a variety of systems. Much work has been done on two-level, cascaded-three-level and even four-level systems. It has also been shown that a large third-order nonlinear susceptibility is present in the absence of absorption. However, spontaneous emission cannot be eliminated in such system, thereby limiting their applications, particularly, to squeezed light generation. Here, we combine the effects of both dark state and EIT to create a system that is suitable for squeezed light generation via self phase modulation.
We studied the electromagnetically induced transparency, where the three-level atom of Λ-type is put in two statistically independent squeezed vacuums. We start from the master equation containing the decay of the atom to the squeezed vacuums, and solve the non-diagonal density matrix element analytically, finding that it is strongly dependent on the squeezing degree and the phase of the squeezed vacuum. There is also a dependence on the intensity and phase of the probe beam, which would not appear in the normal vacuum case. By coupling with squeezed vacuums, the atom would not only experience electromagnetically induced transparency and slow group velocity, but also induce a fast group velocity,backward group velocity and a gain in the probe light field. Besides, the absorption and gain can be modulated by the intensity of probe light.
The preparation of an optically dense ensemble of three- level systems in dark states of the interaction with coherent radiation is discussed. It is shown that methods involving spontaneous emissions of photons such as Raman optical pumping fail to work beyond a critical density due to multiple scattering and trapping of these photons and the associated decay of the dark state(s). In optically thick media coherent-state preparation is only possible by entirely coherent means such as stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP). It is shown that STIRAP is the underlying physical mechanism for electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT).