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Frontiers in Optics

Quantum Information Processing with NV centers at Room Temperature

Peter C. Maurer, Georg Kucsko, Christian Latta, Liang Jiang, Norman Y. Yao, Steven D. Bennett, Fernando Pastawski, David Hunger, Nicholas G. Chisholm, Matthew Markham, Daniel J. Twitchen, Ignacio Cirac, Mikhail D. Lukin

Published Jan 1, 2013• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate high-fidelity control of a single 13C nuclear spin qubit in diamond with coherence lifetimes exceeding 1 second at room temperature, achieved via a dissipative decoupling of the spin from its local environment.
DOI
10.1364/ls.2013.lth1g.4

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Individual nuclear spins in diamond can be optically detected through hyperfine couplings with the electron spin of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center; such nuclear spins have outstandingly long coherence times. Among the hyperfine couplings in the NV center, the nearest neighbor 13C nuclear spins have the largest coupling strength. Nearest neighbor 13C nuclear spins have the potential to perform fastest gate operations, providing highest fidelity in quantum computing. Herein, we report on the control of coherences in the NV center where all three nearest neighbor carbons are of the 13C isotope. Coherence among the three and four qubits are generated and analyzed at room temperature.
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is a promising candidate for development of quantum communication and simulation devices which are based on the control of coupled quantum systems. It offers an optical readout of its spin state, exhibits long coherence times and allows to coherently control nearby nuclear spins, e.g. from 13C nuclei, even at room-temperature. For successful demonstration of such systems however, controlling the nuclear spin environment, and thus tuning the coupling strengths is crucial to allow the fabrication of a scalable platforms. The combination of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) of diamond as a method with isotopic control on the diamond composition and ion implantation as a tool to reliably create NV centers is a perfect toolkit to study the realization such quantum systems.
Nuclear spins in certain solids couple weakly to their environment, making them attractive candidates for quantum information processing and inertial sensing. When coupled to the spin of an optically active electron, nuclear spins can be rapidly polarized, controlled, and read via lasers and radio-frequency (rf) fields. Possessing typical coherence times of several milliseconds at room temperature, nuclear spins hosted by a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond are thus intriguing systems to observe how classical physical rotation at quantum timescales affects a quantum system. In this work, we demonstrate optical nuclear-spin polarization and rapid quantum control of nuclear spins in a diamond physically rotating at 1kHz1\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}1kHz, faster than the nuclear-spin coherence time. Free from the need to maintain strict field alignment, we are able to measure and control nuclear spins in the presence of a large, time-varying magnetic field that makes an angle of more than ${100}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ to the nitrogen-lattice vacancy axis. The field induces spin mixing between the electron and nuclear states of the qubits, decoupling them from oscillating rf fields. We are able to demonstrate that coherent spin state control is possible at any point of the rotation. We combine continuous dynamical decoupling with feed-forward control to eliminate decoherence induced by imperfect mechanical rotation. Our work liberates a previously inaccessible degree of freedom of the NV nuclear spin, unlocking new approaches to quantum control and rotation sensing.
Robust entanglement at room temperature is a necessary requirement for practical applications in quantum technology. We demonstrate the creation of bipartite- and tripartite-entangled quantum states in a small quantum register consisting of individual 13C nuclei in a diamond lattice. Individual nuclear spins are controlled via their hyperfine coupling to a single electron at a nitrogen-vacancy defect center. Quantum correlations are of high quality and persist on a millisecond time scale even at room temperature, which is adequate for sophisticated quantum operations.
We study the spin and orbital dynamics of single nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond between room temperature and 700 K. We find that the ability to optically address and coherently control single spins above room temperature is limited by nonradiative processes that quench the NV center’s fluorescence-based spin readout between 550 K and 700 K. Combined with electronic structure calculations, our measurements indicate that the energy difference between the E and A1 electronic states is ∼0.8 eV. We also find that the inhomogeneous spin lifetime (T ∗ 2 ) is independent of temperature up to at least 625 K, suggesting that single NV centers could be applied as nanoscale thermometers over a broad temperature range.