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Laser Physics

The on-off contrast in an all optical switch based on stimulated Raman scattering in optical fibers

Ariel Flores-Rosas, Evgeny A. Kuzin, B. Ibarra-Escamilla, Juan M Merlo-Ramírez

Published Jul 8, 2012• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present the investigation of the ON-OFF contrast in an optical switch using stimulated Raman Scattering in optical fibers. The setup consists of a Raman circuit of two fiber stages connected in series with a spectral filter rejecting the signal inserted between them. The stage 1 works as saturated amplifier, in this stage the pump pulses are saturated when pump and signal are launched to the input or travel through the fiber without saturation when pump only is launched at the input. The stage 2 works as a Raman amplifier with amplification depending on the pump power entering from the first stage. When pump only is launched at the input enter to the second stage without saturation and amplifies the signal entering this stage, strong signal pulses appear at the output; when pump and signal are launched to the input the pump is saturated in the first stage and the filter rejected the amplified signal, so that only low power pump enters the second stage and no signal pulses appear at the output. We use 2 ns pump pulses at 1528 nm and continuous-wave signal at 1620 nm. In the first stage of Raman circuit, we use both fibers with normal and anomalous dispersion. In fibers with anomalous dispersion, pump saturation is affected by modulation instability. We find that the contrast may be improved using fibers with normal and anomalous dispersion connected in series in the first stage, provided there is appropriate selection of their lengths. The best achieved contrast was 15 dB at 6 W pump peak power.

DOI
10.1134/s1054660x12080099

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The on-off contrast in an all optical switch based on stimulated Raman scattering in optical fibers

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Summary form only given. Sub-diffraction limited imaging schemes have become widely used in fluorescence microscopy [1]. Howaever, the need for labeling with fluorescent dyes remains a major downside of fluorescence microscopy. The size, availability, toxicity as well as photo-bleaching of the used dyes can complicate measurements [2]. In contrast, Raman imaging is inherently label-free. Unfortunately, the super-resolution schemes used in fluorescence microscopy are currently not transferable to Raman microscopy. This paper presents the development of a scheme for the suppression of coherent Raman scattering through the depletion of probe photons, inspired by the work of M. Cho et al. [3, 4], who showed the suppression of coherent Raman scattering using laser pulses at three different wavelengths and two Raman resonances. In our case, probe depletion is achieved through saturated stimulated Raman scattering in a three-beam setup with only two colors involved. Fig. 1 (a) describes the working principle: in the unsuppressed case, the combination of pump and probe pulse induces stimulated Raman scattering at the Raman resonances, leading to stimulated Raman loss (SRL) of the probe and and stimulated Raman gain (SRG) of the pump. The Raman spectrum then results from the difference between two spectra, recorded with pump on and off, respectively. In the suppressed case a second strong pump pulse, working as a depletion pulse, depletes the probe pulse via stimulated Raman scattering (SRLD) and induces a shortage of the probe photons at the Raman resonances, saturating the stimulated Raman scattering. Thus, only a small amount of additional SRLSup is induced by the original pump. If SRL is detected in addition to the spectral change, induced by the depletion pulse, the SRL will be reduced resulting in SRLSup<; SRL.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)•Jun 1, 2019•1 citation
We present the investigation of the ON-OFF contrast in an optical switch using stimulated Raman Scattering in optical fibers. The setup consists of a Raman circuit of two fiber stages connected in series with a spectral filter rejecting the signal inserted between them. The stage 1 works as saturated amplifier, in this stage the pump pulses are saturated when pump and signal are launched to the input or travel through the fiber without saturation when pump only is launched at the input. The stage 2 works as a Raman amplifier with amplification depending on the pump power entering from the first stage. When pump only is launched at the input enter to the second stage without saturation and amplifies the signal entering this stage, strong signal pulses appear at the output; when pump and signal are launched to the input the pump is saturated in the first stage and the filter rejected the amplified signal, so that only low power pump enters the second stage and no signal pulses appear at the output. We use 2 ns pump pulses at 1528 nm and continuous-wave signal at 1620 nm. In the first stage of Raman circuit, we use both fibers with normal and anomalous dispersion. In fibers with anomalous dispersion, pump saturation is affected by modulation instability. We find that the contrast may be improved using fibers with normal and anomalous dispersion connected in series in the first stage, provided there is appropriate selection of their lengths. The best achieved contrast was 15 dB at 6 W pump peak power.
We investigate optical switching based on stimulated Raman scattering. The circuit consists of two fiber stages connected in series with a spectral filter rejecting a signal inserted between them. When both pump and signal are launched to the input, the pump is saturated because of the signal amplification in the first stage; the amplified signal is rejected by the filter, so that only the low-power pump enters the second stage and no signal pulses appear at the output. Second stage is fed by 1-mW power at signal wavelength. When pump only enters at the input, it passes through the first stage without saturation, enters the second stage and amplifies the signal entering this stage; strong signal pulses appear at the output. The on-off contrast is deteriorated by the pulse shape because the pump saturation is observed in the central part of pulses, by fiber GVD, etc. These effects were not considered before. We used 2-ns pulses at 1528 nm as the pump and a 1620-nm cw as the signal. We used in the first stage both fibers with normal and anomalous dispersion. In fibers with anomalous dispersion pump saturation was affected by modulation instability. We found that the contrast may be improved using fibers with normal and anomalous dispersion connected in series in the first stage provided that the ratio between the lengths of the fibers with normal and anomalous dispersion is appropriately selected. The best achieved contrast was 15 dB at 6-W pump peak power.
We experimentally investigate optical switching based on stimulated Raman scattering in optical fibers. The experimental setup consists of two fiber stages connected in series with a spectral filter rejecting a signal inserted between them. When both pump and signal are launched to the input, the pump is saturated because of the signal amplification in the first stage; the amplified signal is rejected by the filter, so that only the low-power pump enters the second stage and no signal pulses appear at the output. When pump only enters at the input, it passes through the first stage without saturation, enters the second stage and amplifies the signal entering this stage; strong signal pulses appear at the output. We used 2-ns pulses at 1528 nm as the pump and a cw 1620-nm diode as the signal source for the first as well as for the second stages. In fibers with anomalous dispersion pump saturation was affected by modulation instability. We found that the contrast (the ratio of energies) may be improved using fibers with normal and anomalous dispersion connected in series in the first stage provided that the ratio between the lengths of the fibers with normal and anomalous dispersion is appropriately selected. The best achieved contrast was 15 dB at peak pump power of 6 W.
We theoretically and experimentally investigate an all optical switch based on stimulated Raman scattering in optical fibers. The experimental setup consists of a Raman circuit of two stages connected in series through a bandpass filter. In the first stage, we have a saturated amplifier, in this stage the pump pulses are saturated when pump and signal are launched to the input or the pump pulses remain without saturation when pump only is launched at the input. The second stage works as the Raman amplifier; for this stage amplification is directly dependent on the pump power entering from the first stage. For the case when pump pulse only is launched at the input pass to the second stage without saturation and amplifies the signal entering in the second stage, very intense signal pulses appear at the output of this stage. For the case when both pump and signal pulses are launched to the input, the pump pulse is saturated in the first stage and the filter rejected the amplified signal, so that only low power pump enters the second stage and consequently no signal pulses appear at the output. We show that the contrast can be improved when using fibers with normal and anomalous dispersion connected in series in the first stage. The best contrast (the ratio of energies) obtained was 15 dB at 6 W pump peak power.
We investigate optical switching based on stimulated Raman scattering. The circuit consists of two fiber stages connected in series through a bandpass filter. When the pump and signal are launched to the input, the pump is saturated because of the signal amplification in the first stage; the amplified signal is rejected by the filter, so that only low-power pump enters the second stage; and no signal pulses appear at the output. The second stage is fed by 1 mW power at signal wavelength. When the pump only enters at the input, it passes through the first stage without saturation, enters the second stage, and amplifies the signal entering this stage; strong signal pulses appear at the output. We use 2-ns pump pulses at 1528 nm and cw signal at 1620 nm. In the first stage, we use both fibers with normal and anomalous dispersion. In fibers with anomalous dispersion, pump saturation is affected by modulation instability. We find that the contrast may be improved using fibers with normal and anomalous dispersion connected in series in the first stage, provided there is appropriate selection of their lengths. The best contrast we achieve is 15 dB at 6 W pump peak power.
The depletion and saturation effect of stimulated Raman scattering in optical fibres has been investigated. Nonlinear energy coupled equations are solved analytically. Our study reveals that the Raman gain saturation effect caused by the generation of the second Stokes has to be taken into account in light amplification by stimulated Raman scattering although it can be ignored in spontaneous stimulated Raman scattering. We also show that it is advantageous to feed the fibre with small low Stokes signals in amplifying high-order Stokes signals, for easing the requirement of high pump power and long fibre length.
Summary form only given. Sub-diffraction limited imaging schemes have become widely used in fluorescence microscopy [1]. Howaever, the need for labeling with fluorescent dyes remains a major downside of fluorescence microscopy. The size, availability, toxicity as well as photo-bleaching of the used dyes can complicate measurements [2]. In contrast, Raman imaging is inherently label-free. Unfortunately, the super-resolution schemes used in fluorescence microscopy are currently not transferable to Raman microscopy. This paper presents the development of a scheme for the suppression of coherent Raman scattering through the depletion of probe photons, inspired by the work of M. Cho et al. [3, 4], who showed the suppression of coherent Raman scattering using laser pulses at three different wavelengths and two Raman resonances. In our case, probe depletion is achieved through saturated stimulated Raman scattering in a three-beam setup with only two colors involved. Fig. 1 (a) describes the working principle: in the unsuppressed case, the combination of pump and probe pulse induces stimulated Raman scattering at the Raman resonances, leading to stimulated Raman loss (SRL) of the probe and and stimulated Raman gain (SRG) of the pump. The Raman spectrum then results from the difference between two spectra, recorded with pump on and off, respectively. In the suppressed case a second strong pump pulse, working as a depletion pulse, depletes the probe pulse via stimulated Raman scattering (SRLD) and induces a shortage of the probe photons at the Raman resonances, saturating the stimulated Raman scattering. Thus, only a small amount of additional SRLSup is induced by the original pump. If SRL is detected in addition to the spectral change, induced by the depletion pulse, the SRL will be reduced resulting in SRLSup<; SRL.