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Modern Physics Letters B

Flow field of a unitary Fermi gas for the scissors mode

Zhenbang Lu, Jisheng Chen, Jiarong Li

Published Aug 10, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The scissors mode plays a crucial role in the study of the unitary Fermi gas. In this paper, we simulate the scissors mode by solving the hydrodynamic equations with appropriate initial conditions, and then extract the flow field of the gas. The flow fields in different regimes are found to be essentially different. The characteristic differences in the flow patterns between the superfluid and the normal viscous fluid are presented. Irrotational flow signals superfluidity, while rotational one indicates normal hydrodynamical behavior. These different characteristics can be visualized by the velocity portraits of the flow, which provide an intuitive way to discriminate the states of the Fermi gas.

DOI
10.1142/s0217984914501656

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The scissors mode plays a crucial role in the study of the unitary Fermi gas. In this paper, we simulate the scissors mode by solving the hydrodynamic equations with appropriate initial conditions, and then extract the flow field of the gas. The flow fields in different regimes are found to be essentially different. The characteristic differences in the flow patterns between the superfluid and the normal viscous fluid are presented. Irrotational flow signals superfluidity, while rotational one indicates normal hydrodynamical behavior. These different characteristics can be visualized by the velocity portraits of the flow, which provide an intuitive way to discriminate the states of the Fermi gas.
The study of the scissors mode gives important information about trapped gases. Based on viscous hydrodynamics, a set of differential equations which describes the dynamics of the trapped unitary Fermi gas is formulated. With relevant initial conditions, the solution of these equations reproduces the angular oscillation, i.e. the scissors mode. Besides the frequency and damping, detailed information on the time evolution of the density and velocity distribution can be obtained. This approach provides an effective way to study the scissors mode.
We evaluate the frequencies of scissors modes for density and concentration fluctuations in a vapor of fermionic atoms placed in two hyperfine levels inside a spherical harmonic trap. Both the superfluid and normal states are considered, with inclusion of the interactions at the random-phase level. Two main results are obtained: (i) the transition to the superfluid state is signaled by the disappearance of soft transverse modes of the normal fluid in the collisionless regime; and (ii) the eigenfrequency of the density fluctuations in the superfluid coincides with that of the normal fluid in the collisional regime. The latter property is related to the opening of the gap in the single-pair spectrum.
The dynamic behavior of a Fermi gas confined in a deformed trap rotating at low angular velocity is investigated in the framework of hydrodynamic theory. The differences exhibited by a normal gas in the collisional regime and a superfluid are discussed. Special emphasis is given to the collective oscillations excited when the deformation of the rotating trap is suddenly removed or when the rotation is suddenly stopped. The presence of vorticity in the normal phase is shown to give rise to precession and beating phenomena which are absent in the superfluid phase.
In this work we establish constraints on the temperature dependence of the shear viscosity $\ensuremath{\eta}$ in the superfluid phase of a dilute Fermi gas in the unitary limit. Our results are based on analyzing experiments that measure the aspect ratio of a deformed cloud after release from an optical trap. We discuss how to apply the two-fluid formalism to the unitary gas and provide a suitable parametrization of the equation of state. We show that in expansion experiments the difference between the normal and superfluid velocities remains small and can be treated as a perturbation. We find that expansion experiments favor a shear viscosity that decreases significantly in the superfluid regime. Using an exponential parametrization, we find $\ensuremath{\eta}({T}_{c}/2{T}_{F})\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.37[\ensuremath{\eta}({T}_{c}/{T}_{F})]$, where Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ is the critical temperature and TF{T}_{F}TF​ is the local Fermi temperature of the gas.
We determine the shear viscosity of the ultracold Fermi gas at unitarity in the normal phase using hydrodynamic expansion data. The analysis is based on a generalized fluid dynamic framework which ensures a smooth transition between the fluid dynamic core of the cloud and the ballistic corona. We use expansion data taken by Joseph, Elliott, and Thomas [Shear Viscosity of a Universal Fermi Gas Near the Superfluid Phase Transition, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 020401 (2015).PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.115.020401] and measurements of the equation of state by Ku et al. [Revealing the superfluid lambda transition in the universal thermodynamics of a unitary Fermi gas, Science 335, 563 (2012).SCIEAS0036-807510.1126/science.1214987]. We find that the shear viscosity to particle density ratio just above the critical temperature is η/n|_{T_{c}}=0.41±0.11. We also obtain evidence that the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio has a minimum slightly above T_{c} with η/s|_{min}=0.50±0.10.