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EPJ Web of Conferences

Quantum-Optical Spectroscopy of Semiconductors

Steven T. Cundiff, Andrew S. Hunter, Ryan P. Smith, Martin Mootz, M. Kira, S. W. Koch

Published Jan 1, 2013• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We analyze non-linear absorption spectra of semiconductor quantum wells and use a cluster-expansion transformation to project a large set of quantitative classical measurements onto the true quantum responses. Classical and quantum responses yield significantly different results.
DOI
10.1051/epjconf/20134104001

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The biexciton resonance in the absorption spectra of semiconductor quantum wells is analyzed with quantum-optical spectroscopy by projecting experimental pump-probe measurements into quantum-optical absorption spectra. More specifically, the measurements are converted into phase-space distributions using the cluster-expansion transformation. The quantum-optical responses can then be projected with full convergence, despite the unavoidable experimental noise. The calculations show that classical and quantum excitations produce significantly different results for the biexciton resonance. In particular, quantum-optical spectroscopy monitors the excitation-induced broadening of the biexciton resonance as a function of pump intensity much more sensitively than classical spectroscopy does.
Quantum spectroscopy utilizes the quantum fluctuations of the light source to characterize and control matter. More specifically, desired many-body states can be directly excited to the semiconductor by adjusting light source's quantum fluctuations. The method is experimentally realizable by projecting an extensive set of classical measurements into a quantum-optical response resulting from any possible quantum source. In this work, quantum spectroscopy is used to identify new classes of many-body states and quantum processes in semiconductor nanostructures. In the first part of this Thesis, the optical properties of semiconductor quantum wells are analyzed with quantum spectroscopy by projecting high-precision optical measurements into quantum-optical responses. It is shown that quantum spectroscopy can characterize the properties of specific stable electron-hole cluster – called quasiparticles – much more sensitively than traditional ultrafast laser spectroscopy. In particular, unambiguous evidence is demonstrated for the identification of a new highly correlated quasiparticle in direct-gap Galliumarsenide quantum wells, the dropleton, that is a quantum droplet consisting of four-to-seven electron-hole pairs. To determine the detectable excitation energetics of such correlated quasiparticles in optically excited semiconductor quantum wells, a new theoretical framework is presented which allows for the computation of the excitation spectrum based on a pair-correlation function formulation of the quasiparticle state. Another study in this Thesis deals with the emission properties of optically pumped quantum-dot microcavities. Experimental and theoretical evidence is shown for a new intriguing quantum-memory effect that is controllable by adjusting pump source's quantum fluctuations. The last part of this Thesis presents a fundamental study about the general applicability of quantum spectroscopy in dissipative systems.
We present a digital quantum simulation framework for ultrafast optical spectroscopy of semiconductor materials. The framework is based on Brillouin-zone discretization and is designed as a quantum alternative to classical simulations based on the semiconductor Bloch equations. Its current capabilities include quantum simulations of linear absorption and optical gain, incorporating Lorentzian broadening, finite-temperature band-filling effects, and reduced-dimensionality effects. Comparison with classical simulations of GaAs within the single-particle approximation demonstrates quantitative agreement in the noiseless limit. The inclusion of realistic hardware noise characteristic of NISQ-era quantum computers effectively manifests as an additional source of scattering, resulting in increased spectral broadening. We also show that the linear optical response, including many-body interactions treated within the Hartree-Fock approximation, can be mapped onto a system of coupled classical oscillators. Under certain assumptions about the query complexity of the oscillator couplings, this system exhibits a provable quantum advantage, as demonstrated in [Phys. Rev. X 13, 041041 (2023)]. Beyond the Hartree-Fock approximation, classical simulations based on many-body quantum kinetic equations face the so-called hierarchy problem, whereas the algorithmic complexity of the quantum simulations remains unchanged, offering a promising approach to overcoming this challenge.