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Russian Journal of Mathematical Physics

Feynman formulas and path integrals for some evolution semigroups related to τ-quantization

Björn Böttcher, Yana A. Butko, René L. Schilling, Oleg Georgievich Smolyanov

Published Dec 1, 2011• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

This note is devoted to Feynman formulas (i.e., representations of semigroups by limits of n -fold iterated integrals as n → ∞) and their connections with phase space Feynman path integrals. Some pseudodifferential operators corresponding to different types of quantization of a quadratic Hamiltonian function are considered. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Feynman formulas for semigroups generated by these operators are obtained. Further, a construction of Hamiltonian (phase space) Feynman path integrals is introduced. Due to this construction, the Hamiltonian Feynman formulas obtained here and in our previous papers do coincide with Hamiltonian Feynman path integrals. This connects phase space Feynman path integrals with some integrals with respect to probability measures. These connections enable us to make a contribution to the theory of phase space Feynman path integrals, to prove the existence of some of these integrals, and to study their properties by means of stochastic analysis. The Feynman path integrals thus obtained are different for different types of quantization. This makes it possible to distinguish the process of quantization in the language of Feynman path integrals.

DOI
10.1134/s1061920811040017

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This note is devoted to Feynman formulas (i.e., representations of semigroups by limits of n -fold iterated integrals as n → ∞) and their connections with phase space Feynman path integrals. Some pseudodifferential operators corresponding to different types of quantization of a quadratic Hamiltonian function are considered. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Feynman formulas for semigroups generated by these operators are obtained. Further, a construction of Hamiltonian (phase space) Feynman path integrals is introduced. Due to this construction, the Hamiltonian Feynman formulas obtained here and in our previous papers do coincide with Hamiltonian Feynman path integrals. This connects phase space Feynman path integrals with some integrals with respect to probability measures. These connections enable us to make a contribution to the theory of phase space Feynman path integrals, to prove the existence of some of these integrals, and to study their properties by means of stochastic analysis. The Feynman path integrals thus obtained are different for different types of quantization. This makes it possible to distinguish the process of quantization in the language of Feynman path integrals.
Evolution semigroups generated by pseudo-differential operators are considered. These operators are obtained by different (parameterized by a number τ) procedures of quantization from a certain class of functions (or symbols) defined on the phase space. This class contains Hamilton functions of particles with variable mass in magnetic and potential fields and more general symbols given by the Lévy-Khintchine formula. The considered semigroups are represented as limits of n-fold iterated integrals when n tends to infinity. Such representations are called Feynman formulae. Some of these representations are constructed with the help of another pseudo-differential operator, obtained by the same procedure of quantization; such representations are called Hamiltonian Feynman formulae. Some representations are based on integral operators with elementary kernels; these are called Lagrangian Feynman formulae. Langrangian Feynman formulae provide approximations of evolution semigroups, suitable for direct computations and numerical modeling of the corresponding dynamics. Hamiltonian Feynman formulae allow to represent the considered semigroups by means of Feynman path integrals. In the article, a family of phase space Feynman pseudomeasures corresponding to different procedures of quantization is introduced. The considered evolution semigroups are represented as phase space Feynman path integrals with respect to these Feynman pseudomeasures, i.e., different quantizations correspond to Feynman path integrals with the same integrand but with respect to different pseudomeasures. This answers Berezin’s problem of distinguishing a procedure of quantization on the language of Feynman path integrals. Moreover, the obtained Lagrangian Feynman formulae allow also to calculate these phase space Feynman path integrals and to connect them with some functional integrals with respect to probability measures.
Evolution semigroups generated by pseudo-differential operators are considered. These operators are obtained by different (parameterized by a number τ) procedures of quantization from a certain class of functions (or symbols) defined on the phase space. This class contains Hamilton functions of particles with variable mass in magnetic and potential fields and more general symbols given by the Lévy-Khintchine formula. The considered semigroups are represented as limits of n-fold iterated integrals when n tends to infinity. Such representations are called Feynman formulae. Some of these representations are constructed with the help of another pseudo-differential operator, obtained by the same procedure of quantization; such representations are called Hamiltonian Feynman formulae. Some representations are based on integral operators with elementary kernels; these are called Lagrangian Feynman formulae. Langrangian Feynman formulae provide approximations of evolution semigroups, suitable for direct computations and numerical modeling of the corresponding dynamics. Hamiltonian Feynman formulae allow to represent the considered semigroups by means of Feynman path integrals. In the article, a family of phase space Feynman pseudomeasures corresponding to different procedures of quantization is introduced. The considered evolution semigroups are represented as phase space Feynman path integrals with respect to these Feynman pseudomeasures, i.e., different quantizations correspond to Feynman path integrals with the same integrand but with respect to different pseudomeasures. This answers Berezin’s problem of distinguishing a procedure of quantization on the language of Feynman path integrals. Moreover, the obtained Lagrangian Feynman formulae allow also to calculate these phase space Feynman path integrals and to connect them with some functional integrals with respect to probability measures.
The Feynman formula is a representation of the solution of an evolutionary equation by a limit of some multiple integrals over Cartesian products of the classical configuration space, or of the classical phase space, when the multiplicity of integrals tends to infinity. From the Feynman formula one can deduce the Feynman–Kac formula, i.e. a representation of the solution by an integral over trajectories. In this paper we consider representations, by the Feynman formula, of solutions both of some Schrödinger type equations and of the corresponding diffusion equations. Introduction The first of Feynman's papers [7], on what one now calls Feynman path integrals over trajectories in the configuration space, contains three main observations. Firstly, it is shown that the solution of the Cauchy problem for a Schrödinger equation can be represented by a limit of a sequence of integrals over Cartesian products of the classical configuration space when the multiplicity of integrals tends to infinity. Secondly, the limit is interpreted as an integral over trajectories in the configuration space. And finally, it is noticed that the integrand contains the exponent of the classical action. Feynman's definition of the Feynman path integrals over trajectories in the phase space, which is formulated in his second paper on the subject, has a similar structure but, in contrast to the preceding definition, the Lagrangian in the classical action is expressed through the Hamiltonian function.
The main aim of the present paper is using a Chernoff theorem (i.e., the Chernoff formula) to formulate and to prove some rigorous results on representations for solutions of Schrödinger equations by the Hamiltonian Feynman path integrals (=Feynman integrals over trajectories in the phase space). The corresponding theorem is related to the original (Feynman) approach to Feynman path integrals over trajectories in the phase space in much the same way as the famous theorem of Nelson is related to the Feynman approach to the Feynman path integral over trajectories in the configuration space. We also give a representation for solutions of some Schrödinger equations by a series which represents an integral with respect to the complex Poisson measure on trajectories in the phase space.
It was an interested and important problem to give the description of quantization, i.e. of passing from classical physical systems to the corresponding quantum ones, from the moment that quantum mechanics came into existence. In the end we succeeded in giving it as follows: Let L be a Lagrangian function. Then the Hamiltonian function H is defined through the Legendre transformation of L. The Hamiltonian operator ( ) at time in quantum mechanics is defined from H. It should be noted that ( ) has ordering ambiguities (cf. [14]). Let be a probability amplitude at time . Then its temporal evolution can be given by the solution of the Schrodinger equation
A generalized Feynman-Kac formula based on the Wiener measure is presented. Within the setting of a quantum particle in an electromagnetic field it yields the standard Feynman-Kac formula for the corresponding Schrödinger semigroup. In this case rigorous criteria for its validity are compiled. Finally, phase-space path-integral representations for more general quantum Hamiltonians are derived. These representations rely on a generalized Lie-Trotter formula which takes care of the operator-ordering multiplicity, but in general is not related to a path measure.