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Optics and Photonics News

Secure Ultrafast Data Communication and Processing

Osamu Matoba, Bahram Javidi

Published May 1, 2002• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Ultrafast data communication and processing systems that use ultrashort pulses allow data transfer rates faster than 1 Tbit/s without conversion to electronic signals. Spatiotemporal converters based on spectral holography are a key to the successful implementation of such systems. To send large amounts of data at ultrafast transfer rates, high-capacity data-storage systems that can operate at equally high rates of speed are also required. Holographic memo-ries can serve as an interface in ultrafast data communication, while optical encryption techniques can be used to ensure the security of the transmitted data.

DOI
10.1364/opn.13.5.000070

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SPIE Newsroom•Jan 1, 2008•0 citations
Ultrafast data communication and processing systems that use ultrashort pulses allow data transfer rates faster than 1 Tbit/s without conversion to electronic signals. Spatiotemporal converters based on spectral holography are a key to the successful implementation of such systems. To send large amounts of data at ultrafast transfer rates, high-capacity data-storage systems that can operate at equally high rates of speed are also required. Holographic memo-ries can serve as an interface in ultrafast data communication, while optical encryption techniques can be used to ensure the security of the transmitted data.
An encrypted database interfaced with an ultrafast secure data communication system using spatial-temporal converters is proposed. The original spatial signal is optically encrypted, and the encrypted signal is holographically stored in a storage medium such as photorefractive materials. The spatially encrypted signal is sampled to avoid the overlap of each datum at the receiver. The sampled data are converted into a temporal signal to transmit the information through an optical fiber. At the receiver the temporal signal is converted back into the spatially encrypted signal. Retrieval of the original data can be achieved when the correct phase key is used in the decryption system. We developed an expression for encrypted output and decrypted data. We numerically evaluate the effect of sampling the spatially encrypted signal on the quality of the decrypted data.
The growing awareness of the vulnerability of information transmitted on communication systems within the government, military and commercial sectors, has stimulated a number of areas of research within the optical community to design optical hardware encryption systems providing inherent immunity to espionage techniques. This paper describes a hardware optical encryption technique that utilises off the shelf telecommunication equipment and negates the necessity for an independent key distribution system with respect to the data transmission system, as is common with alternative encryption system implementations. This method also lends itself easily to fiber optic or free space communication and is applicable within any optical waveband. The encryption-decryption of the optical signal is achieved through low coherence optical interferometry. This requires the instantaneous processing and analysis of the signal, optically, to retrieve the relevant optical phase information hidden in the transmitted optical noise. This technology allows an authorised user to transmit encrypted information at a high data rate securely, while maintaining opaqueness to an unauthorised observer that data transmission is occurring. As the instantaneous optical field properties of the signals present in the system are essential to the optical encryption - decryption process, the system is inherently protected against electronic recording and advances in computational decryption algorithms. For organisations wishing to protect sensitive data and levels of communication activity these are highly desirable features.
Spectral holography provides for the storage of data-encoded, time-domain optical signals in frequency-selective recording materials. This capability may form the basis for entirely new classes of ultrahigh-speed and -density optical storage devices. We demonstrate the implementation of swept-carrier spectral-holographic data storage in a single-sideband mode. Temporal-waveform information originally encoded in doublesideband format is re-created but stripped of one of its sidebands. The process described can be used to achieve higher spectral storage densities or as an optical single-sideband conversion device.
Increasing traffic on the Internet demands faster optical transmission networks. Future high-speed communication networks may rely largely on all-optical components that are intrinsically faster than their electronic counterparts. To achieve such networks, however, one needs to overcome a number of obstacles that exist at levels from devices to systems. For example, the lack of all-optical memory for storing optical data remains a bottleneck in modern optical information networks.1 There has been substantial progress in addressing this problem using spatial-spectral holography in systems that operate at cryogenic temperatures2 or stored light based on electromagnetically induced transparency, where optical information is impressed upon internal degrees of freedom of an ensemble of atoms or ions.3 Both of these methods, however, are limited to operating at the resonance wavelength of the ions or atoms used. These limitations have recently been partially overcome using a dynamically controlled resonator in which a single optical pulse was stored for ∼100ps.4 We recently presented a different approach: a simple storedlight approach5 in which optical pulse information is transferred onto a slowly moving hypersonic wave (∼1/40,000 of the light speed) in an optical fiber and converted back at a later time through stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) as illustrated in Figure 1. In the storage process, optical data pulses (of carrier frequency ν0) interact with a counterpropagating short intense ‘write’ pulse (of carrier frequency ν0 + νB, where νB is the Brillouin frequency shift of the fiber). The optical data pulses become depleted as energy is shifted to a hypersonic wave in the fiber. In the retrieval process, a short intense ‘read’ pulse at the same frequency as the ‘write’ pulse depletes the acoustic wave and releases the data back to the original optical frequency, thereby generating a replica of the incident data pulses. This stored-light approach has advantages such as room-temperature Figure 1. Stimulated Brillouin scattering allows data storage in an optical fiber. In the storage process, (a) optical data pulses interact with a ‘write’ pulse . (b) The optical data pulses become depleted as the information shifts to an acoustic wave in the fiber. To retrieve the data, (c) a ‘read’ pulse depletes the acoustic wave, (d) generating a replica of the original data pulses.5