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Optics Letters

Doppler-free backward-fluorescence spectroscopy in vapors

D. Grischkowsky

Published Dec 1, 1980• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A new laser-spectroscopy technique, requiring neither a continuously tunable laser nor a tunable optical transition, is demonstrated. The method involves measuring the fluorescence antiparallel to the laser beam by a scanning Fabry–Perot interferometer. The resulting Doppler-free measurement features a doubled-frequency separation between hyperfine transitions.

DOI
10.1364/ol.5.000534

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A new laser-spectroscopy technique, requiring neither a continuously tunable laser nor a tunable optical transition, is demonstrated. The method involves measuring the fluorescence antiparallel to the laser beam by a scanning Fabry–Perot interferometer. The resulting Doppler-free measurement features a doubled-frequency separation between hyperfine transitions.
An ongoing spectroscopic investigation of atomic rubidium utilizes a two-photon, single-laser excitation process. Transitions accessible with our tunable laser include 5P1/2 (F ′ ) ← 5S1/2 (F) and 5P3/2 (F ′ ) ← 5S1/2 (F). The laser is split into a pump and probe beam to allow for Doppler-free measurements of transitions between hyperfine levels. The pump and probe beams are overlapped in a counter-propagating geometry and the laser frequency scans over a transition. Absorption, fluorescence and polarization spectroscopy techniques are applied to this basic experimental setup. The temperature of the vapor cell and the power of the pump and probe beams have been varied to explore line broadening effects and signal-to-noise of each technique. This humble setup will hopefully grow into a more robust experimental arrangement in which double resonance, two-laser excitations are used to explore hyperfine state changing collisions between rubidium atoms and noble gas atoms. Rb-noble gas collisions can transfer population between hyperfine levels, such as 5P3/2 (F ′ = 3) Collision ←− 5P3/2 (F ′ = 2), and the probe beam couples 7S1/2 (F ′′ = 2) ← 5P3/2 (F ′ = 3). Polarization spectroscopy signal depends on the rate of population transfer due to the collision as well as maintaining the orientation created by the pump laser. Fluorescence spectroscopy relies only on transfer of population due to the collision. Comparison of these techniques yields information regarding the change of the magnetic sublevels, mF , during hyperfine state changing collisions.
We demonstrate a new technique for saturated-absorption spectroscopy by use of copropagating beams that does not have the problem of crossover resonances. The pump beam is locked to a transition, and its absorption signal is monitored while the probe beam is scanned. As the probe comes into resonance with another transition, the pump absorption is reduced and the signal shows a Doppler-free dip. We use this technique to measure hyperfine intervals in the D2 line of 85Rb with a precision of 70 kHz and to resolve hyperfine levels in the D2 line of 39K that are less than 10 MHz apart.
Vapor-cell spectroscopy is an essential technique in many fields and is particularly relevant for quantum technologies. Most atom- and ion-trapping experiments rely on simultaneous spectroscopy of two atomic transitions, employing a separate apparatus for each transition. We demonstrate simultaneous spectroscopy on two atomic transitions, within a single apparatus, using spatially overlapped beams from two independent lasers. This method enables compact setups and offers superior spectroscopic performance, leading to sharper spectroscopy peaks, stronger absorption signals, and superior laser stability. Doppler-free locking features become accessible over a frequency range several hundred megahertz wider than for standard saturated absorption spectroscopy. Exploring the full parameter space associated with dual-frequency spectroscopy reveals a latticelike structure of sharp resonance features, which enhances experimental versatility by allowing laser frequency stabilization within a wide manifold of locations in two-dimensional frequency space. We present data for 133Cs^{133}\mathrm{Cs}133Cs and 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb and compare our results to a theoretical model. Employing the technique for frequency stabilization close to the D2{D}_{2}D2​ line of 85Rb^{85}\mathrm{Rb}85Rb results in an improvement in frequency stability by a factor typically between 2 and 3 for averaging times of up to 1 s. The technique will advance portable quantum technologies and facilitate high-precision measurements.
Frequency-modulation spectroscopy was employed successfully to measure the Doppler-free absorption and dispersion signals originating from several two-photon transitions in (85)Rb and (87)Rb. The two-photon cross section of the hyperfine transition 5S(1/2) (F = 2) ? 5D(5/2) (F = 4) in (87)Rb was determined to be sigma((2)) asymptotically equal to 4 x 10(-20) cm(4)/W. The transition isotope shift (TIS) of the transition 5S(1/2) ? 5D(5/2) between (87)Rb and (85)Rb was found to be Deltanu(TIS) = +166 +/- 2 MHz.