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Physical Review Letters

Complex excitations in the thermodynamic Bethe-anzatz approach

Marcio Jose Martins

Published Jul 22, 1991• 53 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We relate the complex solutions of the thermodynamic Bethe-ansatz equations to the excited states in factorizable massive models. This approach permits one to recover exactly the ultraviolet behavior of these excitations. In order to illustrate our method we consider several unitary and nonunitary integrable models. We also comment on the calculation of critical exponents in massless integrable models.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.67.419

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We relate the complex solutions of the thermodynamic Bethe-ansatz equations to the excited states in factorizable massive models. This approach permits one to recover exactly the ultraviolet behavior of these excitations. In order to illustrate our method we consider several unitary and nonunitary integrable models. We also comment on the calculation of critical exponents in massless integrable models.
We suggest an approach to the problem of finding integral equations for the excited states of an integrable model, starting from the Thermodynamic Bethe Ansatz equations for its ground state. The idea relies on analytic continuation through complex values of the coupling constant, and an analysis of the monodromies that the equations and their solutions undergo. For the scaling Lee-Yang model, we find equations in this way for the one- and two- particle states in the spin-zero sector, and suggest various generalisations. Numerical results show excellent agreement with the truncated conformal space approach, and we also treat some of the ultraviolet and infrared asymptotics analytically.
The bare existence of this book is due to the amazing fact that the solution of the stationary Schrödinger equation for the one-dimensional Hubbard model can be reduced to a set of algebraic equations, which is tractable in the thermodynamic limit. These equations will be derived in this chapter. We will call them the Lieb-Wu equations to honour E. H. Lieb and F. Y. Wu, who first obtained them [298]. The derivation is based on a method, called the nested (coordinate) Bethe ansatz, which goes back to the seminal articles of C. N. Yang [493] and M. Gaudin [154], who generalized earlier work [60, 296] on exactly solvable models to models with internal degrees of freedom. The roots of the Lieb-Wu equations parameterize the eigenvalues and the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian of the one-dimensional Hubbard model. They encode the complete information about the model. These roots are not explicitly known in the general N -particle case. In the thermodynamic limit ( N →∞), however, only the distributions of the roots in the complex plane matter, and many physical quantities can be calculated as solutions of linear or non-linear Fredholm type integral equations. Moreover, it is sometimes possible to use the Lieb-Wu equations in an implicit way even for finite N , e.g., in the proof of the SO(4) highest weight properties of the eigenstates in Sections 3.D and 3.F of the appendix or in the calculation of their norm in Section 3.5.
By using the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz approach, we give evidence of the existence of both massive and massless behaviors for the ϕ2,1 perturbation of the M3,5 nonunitary minimal model, thus resolving apparent contradictions in the previous literature. The two behaviors correspond to changing the perturbing bare coupling constant from real values to imaginary ones. Generalizations of this picture to the whole class of nonunitary minimal models Mp,2p±1, perturbed by their least relevant operator, lead to a cascade of flows similar to that of unitary minimal models perturbed by ϕ1,3. Various aspects and generalizations of this phenomenon and the links with the Izergin–Korepin model are discussed.
Abstract We give a pedagogical introduction to the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz, a method that allows us to describe the thermodynamics of integrable models whose spectrum is found via the (asymptotic) Bethe ansatz. We set the stage by deriving the Fermi–Dirac distribution and associated free energy of free electrons, and then in a similar though technically more complicated fashion treat the thermodynamics of integrable models, focusing first on the one-dimensional Bose gas with delta function interaction as a clean pedagogical example, secondly the XXX spin chain as an elementary (lattice) model with prototypical complicating features in the form of bound states, and finally the SU ( 2 ) chiral Gross–Neveu model as a field theory example. Throughout this discussion we emphasize the central role of particle and hole densities, whose relations determine the model under consideration. We then discuss tricks that allow us to use the same methods to describe the exact spectra of integrable field theories on a circle, in particular the chiral Gross–Neveu model. We moreover discuss the simplification of TBA equations to Y systems, including the transition back to integral equations given sufficient analyticity data, in simple examples.