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Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters

Generation of quadrature-squeezed light during the propagation of a light wave in a birefringent fiber

Sergey A. Podoshvedov

Published Jun 1, 1998• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is shown that generation of quadrature-squeezed states of a vector electromagnetic field in which quantum fluctuations in one of the quadrature components are smaller than in the coherent state can occur in cubically nonlinear media (birefringent fibers) with efficient energy transfer between the polarization modes of the field. It is shown that for certain distributions of the initial total power between modes, light with suppressed quantum fluctuations in both polarization modes of the vector field is formed at the fiber exit. The optimal conditions for obtaining quadrature-squeezed light are determined. New analytical expressions are obtained for the degree of squeezing in the two polarization modes in the case when there is no energy transfer between the polarization components of the field propagating in the fiber (eigenmodes of two-wave mixing).

DOI
10.1134/1.567769

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It is shown that generation of quadrature-squeezed states of a vector electromagnetic field in which quantum fluctuations in one of the quadrature components are smaller than in the coherent state can occur in cubically nonlinear media (birefringent fibers) with efficient energy transfer between the polarization modes of the field. It is shown that for certain distributions of the initial total power between modes, light with suppressed quantum fluctuations in both polarization modes of the vector field is formed at the fiber exit. The optimal conditions for obtaining quadrature-squeezed light are determined. New analytical expressions are obtained for the degree of squeezing in the two polarization modes in the case when there is no energy transfer between the polarization components of the field propagating in the fiber (eigenmodes of two-wave mixing).
A brief review of theoretical studies of the quantum state of polarization of light exhibiting the level of fluctuations in at least one of the Stokes parameters which is below the quantum noise limit is presented. Two approaches to generation of polarization-squeezed state of light are analyzed in detail: by propagating coherent radiation in a cubic nonlinear medium and by mixing radiation of two orthogonally polarized quadrature-squeezed modes. The degree of polarization of light is discussed. Other areas of quantum polarization optics, in particular, entanglement of quantum Stokes parameters and quantum polarization tomography, are also discussed.
Evolution of the vacuum fluctuations in the two-wave mixing of the optical fields propagating in a birefringent fiber is studied. The two-wave mixing in the birefringent fiber was suggested as a possible scheme for the entangled-state generation. Our treatment in studying the entangled-state generation uses depleted pump approximation and enables one to trace the influence of the input conditions of classical optical fields on the evolution of vacuum squeezing. We report the periodical modulation of the vacuum squeezing when the input relative phase of coherent waves varies. The measure of nonclassical correlations imposed on the generated light is calculated.
Hie generation and detection of quadrature squeezed states of light with a fiber ring reflector is reviewed. A 0.85µm polarization maintaining (PM) fiber is used as the nonlinear medium, and it is pumped by a 1.064µm mode-locked Nd:YAG laser. By the optical Kerr effect in the PM fiber, the input 1.064 mm light is squeezed. The combination of the smaller core diameter and the shorter source wavelength is effective in obtaining a higher peak power density, and consequently, a larger squeezing parameter at a low pump power. The squeezed vacuum is generated by combining the 50m long PM fiber ring with a 1:1 PM fiber coupler, and is detected by a balanced homodyne detector. The squeezed light noise is measured at 200kHz, and a squeezing parameter of 3.7dB is obtained at the input peak power of 5W. A simple calculation model based on the wave optics is used to estimate the squeezing parameter as a function of the input peak power. The calculated results agree well with the experimental ones. The squeezing in PM fibers is limited by the polarized guided acoustic wave Brillouin scattering (GAWBS), which is the phase noise originated from thermally induced fluctuations in the refractive index of the fiber. To avoid the noise due to GAWBS, a shorter PM fiber is preferable.
The propagation of partially coherent single-mode and two-mode radiations with orthogonal polarisations in media with a cubic optical nonlinearity is considered for the first time. Partially coherent light is regarded as a superposition of coherent and thermal radiations. It is shown that quantum and thermal fluctuations of a quadrature component may be suppressed in the self-interaction of partially coherent single-mode light. In the case of the self-interaction of incompletely polarised light can suppress fully only those fluctuations of the Stokes parameters (S 2 or S 3 ), which are associated with quantum fluctuations of the coherent component.
We investigate the formation of the polarization-squeezed state of light in different schemes of perfect spatial overlap of quadrature-squeezed ultrashort light pulses produced by self-phase modulation effect in electronic Kerr media. The light polarization is treated in terms of four Stokes operators whose spectra of quantum fluctuations are investigated for each configuration of interest. We establish that the frequency at which the suppression of quantum fluctuations of Stokes operators is the greatest can be controlled by adjusting the linear phase difference between initial coherent pulses. The increase of the intensity of one pulse can squeeze efficiently the quantum fluctuations of Stokes operators. We study the spatial overlap of quadrature-squeezed pulses produced in an anisotropic electronic Kerr medium and show that the cross-phase modulation which occurs in addition to the self-phase one can be employed to control the fluctuation spectra of Stokes operators. The change of the nonlinear phase shift per photon for one pulse controls effectively the polarization squeezing. The spatial overlap of a coherent pulse with an interference one, produced by mixing two quadrature-squeezed pulses on a beam splitter, is analysed. It is found that squeezing is produced in three of the four Stokes operators, with the squeezing in the first two being simultaneous.
The influence of quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field on the propagation of a polarized light wave in a nonlinear dielectric is investigated. It is shown that in some cases the fluctuations couple to the optical nonlinearities of the medium and make its refractive index dependent on the polarization of the propagating wave. As a consequence, two light waves propagating in the same direction but with different polarizations will have different speeds, so there will be a Kerr-effect birefringence induced by quantum fluctuations. We consider the case of the electromagnetic field in a squeezed vacuum state, where there are regions where the mean squared electric field can be negative and the birefringence effect has the opposite sign to the Kerr effect in classical physics. We give some estimates for the magnitude of these effects, and discuss their possible observability.