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Europhysics news

Quantum entanglement and locality

M. Blaauboer

Published Nov 1, 2010• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Can a measurement at location A depend on events taking place at a distant location B, too far away for the information to be transmitted between the two? It does seem too mysterious to be true. Even Einstein did not believe so. But experiments seem to prove him wrong.
DOI
10.1051/epn/2010602

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Perhaps the deepest mystery in all of physics is quantum non-locality – the ability of two distant systems to instantaneously know about each other. Non-locality means that two particles in a quantum system can be "entangled" such that the state of one particle affects the state of the other, regardless of how far apart they are. As well as challenging our common sense, non-locality suggests that the ultimate speed limit – the speed of light – is violated. Einstein spent many years worrying about this problem because such "superluminal" interactions seem to be incompatible with special relativity.
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Abstract Einstein introduced quantum entanglement in 1935 and referred to it as “spooky actions at a distance” because it seemed to conflict with his theory of special relativity. Today, some refer to it as “the greatest mystery in physics,” and the 2022 Physics Nobel Prize was even awarded for experimental confirmation of the “spookiness.” While the mystery is experimentally well established, its solution remains elusive because it is commonly believed that quantum entanglement entails one or more of the following: In this book, a rigorous solution to the mystery of quantum entanglement is provided that entails none of those things. The key to this seemingly impossible feat is—to use Einstein’s own language—a “principle” explanation that foregoes the need for any “constructive” explanation of quantum entanglement, such as those listed above. Ironically, the proposed principle explanation is Einstein’s own relativity principle as grounded in quantum information theory. So, contrary to popular belief, quantum mechanics and special relativity are far from inconsistent, as both are a consequence of the exact same relativity principle.
We show that non-local resources cannot be used for probabilistic signalling even if one can produce exact clones with the help of a probabilistic quantum cloning machine (PQCM). We show that PQCM cannot help to distinguish two statistical mixtures at a remote location. Thus quantum theory rules out the possibility of sending superluminal signals not only deterministically but also probabilistically. We give a bound on the success probability of producing multiple clones in an entangled system. All the useful information that can be transmitted has a universal speed limit, namely, the speed of light. In quantum mechanics the situation seems to be changed when Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen put forward their famous thought experiment on two systems that had interacted in the past but are no longer in direct contact [1]. These kind of systems are described by entangled states which show non-local correlations that cannot be explained by any local hidden variable theory [2]. In [1] they proved that the measurement outcome of one system can instantaneously affect the result of the other. This suggested that one can