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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Bell states within the linewidth of SPDC and applications

Marco Genovese, G. Brida, Valentina Caricato, Maria V. Chekhova, Marco Gramegna, Leonid A. Krivitsky, Alice Meda, E. Predazzi, P. Traina

Published Sep 11, 2007• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper we review our recent works on the generation of different Bell states within the lineshape of parametric down-conversion (SPDC) and their possible applications. Indeed, for polarization-entangled two-photon states produced via SPDC, the frequency-angular lineshape allowed by phase matching is considered. It is shown that there are always different Bell states generated for different mismatch values within the natural bandwidth. Consideration is made for two different methods of polarization entanglement preparation, based on type-II SPDC and on SPDC in two type-I crystals producing orthogonally polarized photon pairs. Different Bell states can be filtered out by either frequency selection or angular selection, or both. Our theoretical calculations are confirmed by a series of experiments, performed for the two above-mentioned ways of producing polarization-entangled photon pairs and with two kinds of measurements: frequency-selective and angular-selective. Finally, we mention possible application to quantum communication with fibers.

DOI
10.1117/12.731094

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In this paper we review our recent works on the generation of different Bell states within the lineshape of parametric down-conversion (SPDC) and their possible applications. Indeed, for polarization-entangled two-photon states produced via SPDC, the frequency-angular lineshape allowed by phase matching is considered. It is shown that there are always different Bell states generated for different mismatch values within the natural bandwidth. Consideration is made for two different methods of polarization entanglement preparation, based on type-II SPDC and on SPDC in two type-I crystals producing orthogonally polarized photon pairs. Different Bell states can be filtered out by either frequency selection or angular selection, or both. Our theoretical calculations are confirmed by a series of experiments, performed for the two above-mentioned ways of producing polarization-entangled photon pairs and with two kinds of measurements: frequency-selective and angular-selective. Finally, we mention possible application to quantum communication with fibers.
We study the frequency-angular line shape for a phase-matched nonlinear process producing entangled states and show that there is a continuous variety of maximally entangled states generated for different mismatch values within the natural bandwidth. Detailed considerations are made for two specific methods of polarization entanglement preparation, based on type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) and on SPDC in two subsequent type-I crystals producing orthogonally polarized photon pairs. It turns out that different Bell states are produced at the center of the SPDC line and on its slopes, corresponding to about half-maximum intensity level. These Bell states can be filtered out by either frequency selection or angular selection, or both. Our theoretical calculations are confirmed by a series of experiments, performed for the two above-mentioned schemes of producing polarization-entangled photon pairs and with two kinds of measurements: frequency selective and angular selective.
It is shown that for a phase-matched nonlinear process producing entangled states, different Bell states are generated for different mismatch values. In particular, generation of the singlet Bell state is demonstrated within the natural linewidth of collinear frequency-degenerate type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) without the o-e delay compensation. The singlet state can be filtered out by spectral selection or by the time selection of the two-photon amplitude at the output of a dispersive fibre. The effect is of considerable importance for fibre quantum communication.
We present a theoretical and experimental study of preparing maximally entangled two-photon polarization states, or Bell states, using femtosecond-pulse-pumped spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). First, we show how the inherent distinguishability in femtosecond-pulse-pumped type-II SPDC can be removed by using an interferometric technique without spectral and amplitude postselection. We then analyze the recently introduced Bell-state preparation scheme using type-I SPDC. Theoretically, both methods offer the same results, however, type-I SPDC provides experimentally superior methods of preparing Bell states in femtosecond-pulse-pumped SPDC. Such a pulsed source of highly entangled photon pairs is useful in quantum communications, quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation, etc.
Quantum entanglement has been a topic of much research in modern physics, and an application in quantum computing is envisioned. This thesis address the use of polarization entangled photon pairs produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) in entanglement transfer process and quantum computing. The simplicity of SPDC entanglement relative to other quantum phenomena is first emphasized by developing a complete classical theory of the photon-crystal interactions characteristic of SPDC. The methods of achieving polarization superposition via the Type-I and Type-II SPDC are described. A combination of superposition and polarization correlation between down-converted photons is shown to violate Bell’s inequality, thus revealing the entangled nature of the photon pairs. Finally, the possibility of controlling entangled photons through the manipulation of surface plasmons is highlighted as a way to transfer entanglement from photons to material particles.
Polarization-entangled photon pairs can be efficiently prepared into pure Bell states with a high fidelity via type-II spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) of narrow-band pump light. However, the use of femtosecond pump pulses to generate multiphoton states with precise timing often requires spectral filtering to maintain a high quality of polarization entanglement. This typically reduces the efficiency of photon pair collection. We experimentally map the polarization correlations of photon pairs from such a source over a range of down-converted wavelengths with a high spectral resolution and find strong polarization correlations everywhere. A spectrally dependent imbalance between contributions from the two possible decay paths of SPDC is identified as the reason for a reduction in entanglement quality observed with femtosecond pump pulses. Our spectral measurements allow us to predict the polarization correlations for arbitrary filter profiles when the frequency degree of freedom of the photon pairs is ignored.