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Journal of Optics B Quantum and Semiclassical Optics

Classical evolution of quantum fluctuations in spin-like systems: squeezing and entanglement

A. B. Klimov, P.B. Espinoza

Published May 17, 2005• 27 citations
Publisher

Abstract

It is shown that the quantum dynamics of spin coherent states governed by quadratic spin-like Hamiltonians, in the large spin limit, is well described in terms of evolution along classical trajectories on the two-dimensional sphere. Two non-linear effects: (a) spin squeezing and (b) spin entanglement are analysed using the Wigner function approach in the quasiclassical limit and numerically compared with the exact solution.

DOI
10.1088/1464-4266/7/6/004

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It is shown that the quantum dynamics of spin coherent states governed by quadratic spin-like Hamiltonians, in the large spin limit, is well described in terms of evolution along classical trajectories on the two-dimensional sphere. Two non-linear effects: (a) spin squeezing and (b) spin entanglement are analysed using the Wigner function approach in the quasiclassical limit and numerically compared with the exact solution.
The classical Landau-Lifshitz equation with a damping term has been derived from the time evolution of a quantum mechanical wave function under the assumption of a non-Hermitian Hamilton operator. Further, the trajectory of a classical spin (S) has been compared with the expectation value of the spin operator (Ŝ). A good agreement between classical and quantum mechanical trajectories can be found for Hamiltonians linear in Ŝ or S, respectively. Quadratic or higher order terms in the Hamiltonian result in a disagreement.
Scalable spin squeezing in two-dimensional arrays of dipolar large-SSS spins
Controlling the quantum many-body state of arrays of qudits, possessing a large local Hilbert space, opens the path to a broad range of possibilities for many-particle entanglement, interesting both for fundamental quantum science, as well as for potential metrological applications. In this work we theoretically show that the spin-spin interactions realized in two-dimensional Mott insulators of large-spin magnetic atoms (such as Cr, Er or Dy) lead to scalable spin squeezing along the non-equilibrium unitary evolution initialized in a coherent spin state. An experimentally relevant perturbation to the collective squeezing dynamics is offered by a quadratic Zeeman shift, which leads instead to squeezing of individual spins. Making use of a truncated cumulant expansion for the quantum fluctuations of the spin array, we show that, for sufficiently small quadratic shifts, the spin squeezing dynamics is akin to that produced by the paradigmatic one-axis-twisting (OAT) model -- as expected from an effective separation between collective spin and spin-wave variables. Spin squeezing with OAT-like scaling is shown to be protected by the robustness of long-range ferromagnetic order to quadratic shifts in the equilibrium phase diagram of the system, that we reconstruct via quantum Monte Carlo and mean-field theory.
We study squeezing and entanglement in superposition of a class of nonlinear spin coherent states. We analyze these properties as a function of the coherence and superposition parameters, number of qubits and the Hamiltonians involved, by presenting analytical and numerical results. We specifically observe that a subclass of these states, the even non-linear cat states are maximally entangled and squeezed, while another related subclass, the odd non-linear cat states, are entangled but not squeezed at all.
The Wigner function is argued to be the only natural phase space function evolving classically under quadratic Hamiltonians with time-dependent bilinear part. This is used to understand graphically how certain quadratic time-dependent Hamiltonians induce squeezing of quantum states. The Wigner representation is also used to generalize Ehrenfest's theorem to the quantum uncertainties. This makes it possible to deduce features of the quantum evolution, such as squeezing, from the classical evolution, whatever the Hamiltonian.
We study spin squeezing, an intrinsically quantum property, in the quantum kicked top model exhibiting chaotic behaviours in the classical limit. We show that spin squeezing can reveal the underlying chaotic and regular structures in phase space given by a sphere with a unit radius, namely, spin squeezing vanishes after a very short time for an initial spin coherent state centred in a chaotic region of the phase space, whereas spin squeezing occurs over a long period of time for the coherent state centred in an elliptic fixed point. We also study the distribution of the mean spin directions when quantum dynamics take places and give a comparison between the dynamics of spin squeezing and quantum entanglement.