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Journal of Modern Optics

Manipulation of Bose-Einstein condensates by dipole potentials

Kai Bongs, Sven Burger, S. Dettmer, K. Sengstock, Wolfgang A. Ertmer

Published Nov 1, 2000• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The coherent manipulation of Bose-Einstein condensates by far blue detuned dipole potentials is discussed. ‘Classical’ atom optical elements, such as mirrors and waveguides, are realized and the dynamics of coherent matter waves interacting with these elements is investigated. The local manipulation of the phase of the condensate wavefunction by temporally applied dipole potentials represents a powerful tool for the design of matter waves. We use this method in particular for the creation of dark solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates and study their dynamics.

DOI
10.1080/09500340008232190

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The coherent manipulation of Bose-Einstein condensates by far blue detuned dipole potentials is discussed. ‘Classical’ atom optical elements, such as mirrors and waveguides, are realized and the dynamics of coherent matter waves interacting with these elements is investigated. The local manipulation of the phase of the condensate wavefunction by temporally applied dipole potentials represents a powerful tool for the design of matter waves. We use this method in particular for the creation of dark solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates and study their dynamics.
The coherent manipulation of Bose-Einstein Condensates by far blue detuned dipole potentials is discussed. “Classical” atom optical elements, like mirrors and waveguides, are realised and the dynamics of coherent matter waves interacting with these elements is investigated. The local manipulation of the phase of the condensate wavefunction by temporally applied dipole potentials represents a powerful tool for the design of matter waves. We use this method in particular for the creation of dark solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates and study their dynamics.
We present experiments investigating different aspects concerning the coherent manipulation of a Bose-Einstein condensate wavefunction with far blue detuned dipole potentials. In a first set of experiments we study a waveguide for matter waves as an important atom optical element allowing to hold and guide the atoms for long observation times. We present a flexible realization of this waveguide based on a tube shaped Laguerre Gaussian laser beam and investigate the dynamics of a Bose condensed ensemble transferred into this guide. In a second set of experiments we study the dynamics of dark solitons created by the manipulation of the phase of the condensate wave function by temporally applied dipole potentials. This method of phase imprinting represents a powerful tool for the design of matter waves and the controlled creation of various excitations. The dynamics of dark solitons in matter waves is investigated in detail by experimentally and numerically studying the temporal evolution of the condensate density as well as by mapping the velocity field of the excited condensate wavefunction. In these measurements we directly detect the flux of the wave function associated with the dark soliton using spatially resolved Bragg scattering. Experiments investigating the creation and interaction of several dark solitons conclude this chapter.
Summary form only given. Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) of weakly interacting gases allow for the new regime of nonlinear atom optics. Of special interest are macroscopically excited states like dark solitons or vortices. Solitons, as particle like excitations of matter wave fields, provide a link from condensate physics to fluid mechanics, nonlinear optics and fundamental particle physics. Dark solitons in matter waves are characterized by a local density minimum and, a steep phase gradient of the wavefunction at the position of the minimum. We report on experimental and theoretical investigation of dark solitons in BECs of /sup 87/Rb which are produced by the method of phase imprinting. A highly anisotropic confining potential allows us to be close to the (quasi) 1D situation where dark solitons are expected to be dynamically stable. By monitoring the evolution of the density profile we observe the evolution of density minima travelling at a smaller velocity than the speed of sound. By comparison to analytical and numerical solutions of the 3D Gross-Pitaevskii equation for our experimental conditions we identify these density minima to be moving dark solitons. We have studied in detail the creation and the dynamics of dark solitons as a function of evolution time and imprinted phase.
This review discusses progress in the new field of coherent matter waves, in particular with respect to Bose-Einstein condensates. We give a short introduction to Bose-Einstein condensation and the theoretical description of the condensate wavefunction. We concentrate on the coherence properties of this new type of matter wave as a basis for fundamental physics and applications. The main part of this review treats various measurements and concepts in the physics with coherent matter waves. In particular we present phase manipulation methods, atom lasers, nonlinear atom optics, optical elements, interferometry and physics in optical lattices. We give an overview of the state of the art in the respective fields and discuss achievements and challenges for the future.
Recent experimental and theoretical progress in the studies of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) has precipitated an intense effort to understand and control interactions of nonlinear matter-waves. Key ingredients in manipulations of matter-waves in BECs are a) external localized impurities (generated by focused laser beams) and b) periodic potentials (generated by interference patterns from multiple laser beams illuminating the condensate). In this work we demonstrate the ability of time-dependent external optical potentials to drag, capture and pin a wide range of localized BEC states, such as dark and bright solitons. The stability and existence of pinned states is analyzed using perturbation techniques, which predict results that are well corroborated by direct numerical simulations. The control of these macroscopic quantum states has important applications in the realm of quantum storage and processing of information, with potential implications for the design of quantum computers.