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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General

An investigation of the high-field series expansions for the square lattice Ising model

Ian Graham Enting, R. J. Baxter

Published Dec 1, 1980• 21 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Uses high-field series expansions for the square lattice Ising model to investigate the physical singularity in the magnetisation as a function of the field. High-field series were obtained to order 35 at temperatures T approximately=0.5 T c and T approximately=0.766T c using series expansion techniques based on corner transfer matrices. At neither temperature is there any evidence of a spinodal line; the behaviour is consistent with the predictions of the droplet model, suggesting that the first-order transition line is a line of infinitely differentiable singularities.

DOI
10.1088/0305-4470/13/12/022

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Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General•Aug 21, 1983•3 citations
Uses high-field series expansions for the square lattice Ising model to investigate the physical singularity in the magnetisation as a function of the field. High-field series were obtained to order 35 at temperatures T approximately=0.5 T c and T approximately=0.766T c using series expansion techniques based on corner transfer matrices. At neither temperature is there any evidence of a spinodal line; the behaviour is consistent with the predictions of the droplet model, suggesting that the first-order transition line is a line of infinitely differentiable singularities.
Extended series expansions for the high temperature zero-field susceptibility of the Ising model are given in powers of the usual high temperature counting variable v=tanh K; for the triangular lattice to v 16 , for the square lattice to v 21 and for the honeycomb lattice to v 32 , inclusive. The asymptotic behaviour of the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic susceptibility is studied. It is concluded that the ferromagnetic singularity is not exactly factorizible. The antiferromagnetic susceptibility of the square and honeycomb lattices has a singularity of the same type as the energy at the antiferromagnetic critical temperature.
We investigate the complex-temperature singularities of the susceptibility of the 2D Ising model on a square lattice. From an analysis of low-temperature series expansions, we find evidence that, as one approaches the point u=u s =-1 (where u=e '4K ) from within the complex extensions of the FM or AFM phases, the susceptibility has a divergent singularity of the form X approximately A s '(1+u)(- gamma s ') with exponent gamma s '=3/2. The critical amplitude A s ' is calculated. Other critical exponents are found to be alpha s '= sigma s =0 and beta s = 1/4 , so that the scaling relation alpha s '+2 beta s + gamma s ' is satisfied. However, using exact results for beta s on the square, triangular, and honeycomb lattices, we show that universality is violated at this singularity: beta s is lattice-dependent. Finally, from an analysis of spin-spin correlation functions, we demonstrate that the correlation length and hence susceptibility are finite as one approaches the point u=-1 from within the symmetric phase. This is confirmed by an explicit study of high-temperature series expansions.
The first two terms in the expansion near TC{\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{C}}TC​ of the zero-field susceptibility of the antiferromagnetic square Ising lattice are known exactly. We have isolated the next four terms in this expansion by carrying out a differential-approximant analysis of Nickel's 55-term high-temperature ferromagnetic series with the variable v=tanhJ/kB{\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{B}}kB​T replaced by -v. The four new terms are found to vary as t, t2{\mathit{t}}^{2}t2ln\ensuremath{\Vert}t\ensuremath{\Vert}, t2{\mathit{t}}^{2}t2, and t3{\mathit{t}}^{3}t3ln\ensuremath{\Vert}t\ensuremath{\Vert} where t=1-TC{\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{C}}TC​/T and values for their respective coefficients are obtained. It is established that to order t3{\mathit{t}}^{3}t3ln\ensuremath{\Vert}t\ensuremath{\Vert}, there are no confluent singularities associated with irrelevant variables for this system. A direct extrapolation of Nickel's series coefficients is also carried out and found to be consistent with the present results.
The finite-lattice method of series expansion has been used to extend low-temperature series for the partition function, order parameter and susceptibility of the spin-1 Ising model on the square lattice. A new formalism is described which uses two distinct transfer-matrix approaches in order to significantly reduce computer memory requirements and which permits the derivation of the series to 79th order. Subsequent analysis of the series clearly confirms that the spin-1 model has the same dominant critical exponents as the spin- 1/2 Ising model. Accurate estimates for both the critical temperature and non-physical singularities are obtained. In addition, evidence for a non-analytic confluent correction with exponent Delta 1 =1.1+or-0.1 is found.
First, a new method proposed by Baker and Rushbrooke is used to study the simple ferromagnetic Ising model at and below the Curie temperature. Of course, the properties of the Ising model are already well known, so that the main aim here is to assess the potential and reliability of the new method, since it has wide applicability to other models which have not been otherwise studied. Between 8 and 16 coefficients of exact high-temperature expansions for fixed values of the magnetization are derived for various two- and three-dimensional lattices. A Pad\'e-approximant analysis of these expansions at the critical isotherm and magnetic phase boundary enables us to estimate the critical exponents $\ensuremath{\beta}$, ${\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and $\ensuremath{\delta}$, and plot the spontaneous magnetization. The results are in good agreement with previous calculations. Secondly, an analysis of the exact series expansions provides no support for the conjecture that the phase boundary is a line of essential singularities. However, the same expansions strongly suggest the existence of a "spinodal" curve, whose properties are in reasonable agreement with the predictions of various heuristic arguments (based essentially upon analyticity at the phase boundary and one-phase homogeneity in the critical region). Finally, structure and a mild extension of the proven analyticity of the free energy are used to show the $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\le}{\ensuremath{\gamma}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$.
Extended high-temperature series expansions are presented for the spin-s Ising model on the face-centred cubic lattice. Series coefficients for the zero-field internal energy (U 0 ) and the second moment ( mu 2 ) of the correlation function are derived, for 1 / 2 <or=s<or= 9 / 2 , to order 14 in the high-temperature expansion variable K(=J/kT). For s= 1 / 2 , the fourth field derivative of the free energy is calculated to order K 14 and the magnetisation series is given to order 13 and 27 in the temperature and magnetic field variables respectively. For s=1 to 9 / 2 , the zero-field susceptibility series are derived to order K 14 .