Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

New observation of Bose-Einstein condensation of 87 Rb atoms in a magnetic TOP trap

Ph. W. Courteille, Dian-Jiun Han, R. H. Wynar, Daniel J. Heinzen

Published May 15, 1998• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We report Bose-Einstein condensation of large numbers of 87Rb atoms in a magnetic time-averaged potential trap. Over 1.5 X 109 atoms, initially captured in the TOP trap, are evaporatively cooled down to temperatures near 100 nK. Condensates of up to 2 X 105 atoms at peak densities higher than 1014 cm-3 are observed.
DOI
10.1117/12.308369

Related papers

Bose-Einstein condensation of large numbers of atoms in a magnetic time-averaged orbiting potential trap

D. J. Han, R. H. Wynar, Ph. W. Courteille +1 more

We have observed Bose-Einstein condensation of large numbers of ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms in a magnetic time-averaged orbiting potential (TOP) trap. Over $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}$ atoms are captured in the trap and evaporatively cooled to produce condensates containing up to $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ atoms. We discuss special considerations relating to the production of large Bose-Einstein condensates in a TOP trap, and present measurements of the condensate fraction for this case.

Physical Review A•Jun 1, 1998•72 citations

Bose-Einstein condensation of large numbers of atoms in magnetic TOP trap

D. J. Han, R. H. Wynar, P. Courtelle +1 more

Summary form only given. We report the observation of Bose-Einstein condensation of a very large number of /sup 87/Rb atoms in a time orbiting potential (TOP) trap. We found that for such large samples, efficient cooling in the TOP trap is complicated to some extent by undesired losses of atoms at the orbiting magnetic field zero point, but that these difficulties can be overcome. In our experiments, we first load /sup 87/Rb atoms from a slow beam into a magneto-optic atom trap (MOT). Second, we then compress the atoms with a forced dark MOT, further cool them with optical molasses, and optically pump them into the desired state.

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Nov 27, 2002•0 citations

Spatial observation of Bose-Einstein condensation of 87Rb in a confining potential

Brian P. Anderson, Mark A. Kasevich

Bose-Einstein condensation of ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ has been observed in a vapor cell time-averaged orbiting potential trap, and the trapped condensates have been studied using in situ absorption and dark-ground imaging methods. Condensates of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ atoms were observed after 26 s of evaporative cooling. The evaporative cooling sequence consisted of a combination of cooling with ramping magnetic-field strengths and radio-frequency-induced cooling. The measured sizes, numbers of atoms, and transition temperatures of the condensates are consistent with theoretical predictions that include the effects of atomic interactions.

Physical Review A•Feb 1, 1999•31 citations

Realization of Bose-Einstein Condensation of 87Rb in a Time-orbiting Potential Trap

M. Siercke

The construction of an apparatus capable of producing Bose-Einstein condensates marks a significant milestone in every experimental cold atom laboratory. In this thesis I describe the development of a system to create a Bose-Einstein condensate of $^{87}Rb$ in a Time-Orbiting Potential trap.\n\nI review the optical and magnetic techniques required to trap and cool an atomic sample under vacuum, motivating our decision to build a double MOT system comprised of a high-pressure ($10^{-9}$ torr) chamber to gather atoms and a low-pressure ($10^{-11}$ torr) chamber to cool atoms to degeneracy.\n\nBy theoretically modeling the atom number and temperature inside the magnetic trap during evaporative cooling I demonstrate a simple approach to determining a cooling path that reaches the transition temperature. By making use of the condensates produced under these non-optimized conditions I determine the heating rate of the condensate in the TOP trap to be $300$ nK/s. I further use the condensates to make a more precise measurement of the TOP trap bias field.\n\nI improve upon the conventional evaporation path used in TOP trap experiments by introducing and optimizing additional bias field compression stages in between RF evaporation ramps. I demonstrate how, by adding these additional stages, the system is capable of reaching the BEC phase transition with a final atom number of $2\\times 10^{5}$. In contrast, RF evaporation after only a single bias field ramp has yielded condensates with only $30\\times 10^3$ atoms.

•Jun 13, 2011•1 citation

Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor

Michael H. Anderson, J. R. Ensher, M. R. Matthews +2 more

A Bose-Einstein condensate was produced in a vapor of rubidium-87 atoms that was confined by magnetic fields and evaporatively cooled. The condensate fraction first appeared near a temperature of 170 nanokelvin and a number density of 2.5 x 10(12) per cubic centimeter and could be preserved for more than 15 seconds. Three primary signatures of Bose-Einstein condensation were seen. (i) On top of a broad thermal velocity distribution, a narrow peak appeared that was centered at zero velocity. (ii) The fraction of the atoms that were in this low-velocity peak increased abruptly as the sample temperature was lowered. (iii) The peak exhibited a nonthermal, anisotropic velocity distribution expected of the minimum-energy quantum state of the magnetic trap in contrast to the isotropic, thermal velocity distribution observed in the broad uncondensed fraction.

Science•Jul 14, 1995•7,495 citations

Bose-Einstein condensation in a pure Ioffe-Pritchard field configuration

U. Ernst, Andreas Marte, Florian Schreck +2 more

A glass-cell apparatus and a dc magnetic trap with radial gradient of and axial curvature of were used to capture and evaporatively cool rubidium 87 atoms. Below a critical temperature of , Bose-Einstein condensation was observed with 10 6 atoms in the trap. Pure condensates with more than 10 5 atoms and peak densities exceeding were produced.

Europhysics Letters (EPL)•Jan 1, 1998•80 citations
We have observed Bose-Einstein condensation of large numbers of 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms in a magnetic time-averaged orbiting potential (TOP) trap. Over $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{9}$ atoms are captured in the trap and evaporatively cooled to produce condensates containing up to $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ atoms. We discuss special considerations relating to the production of large Bose-Einstein condensates in a TOP trap, and present measurements of the condensate fraction for this case.
Summary form only given. We report the observation of Bose-Einstein condensation of a very large number of /sup 87/Rb atoms in a time orbiting potential (TOP) trap. We found that for such large samples, efficient cooling in the TOP trap is complicated to some extent by undesired losses of atoms at the orbiting magnetic field zero point, but that these difficulties can be overcome. In our experiments, we first load /sup 87/Rb atoms from a slow beam into a magneto-optic atom trap (MOT). Second, we then compress the atoms with a forced dark MOT, further cool them with optical molasses, and optically pump them into the desired state.
Bose-Einstein condensation of 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb has been observed in a vapor cell time-averaged orbiting potential trap, and the trapped condensates have been studied using in situ absorption and dark-ground imaging methods. Condensates of $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{4}$ atoms were observed after 26 s of evaporative cooling. The evaporative cooling sequence consisted of a combination of cooling with ramping magnetic-field strengths and radio-frequency-induced cooling. The measured sizes, numbers of atoms, and transition temperatures of the condensates are consistent with theoretical predictions that include the effects of atomic interactions.
The construction of an apparatus capable of producing Bose-Einstein condensates marks a significant milestone in every experimental cold atom laboratory. In this thesis I describe the development of a system to create a Bose-Einstein condensate of 87Rb^{87}Rb87Rb in a Time-Orbiting Potential trap.\n\nI review the optical and magnetic techniques required to trap and cool an atomic sample under vacuum, motivating our decision to build a double MOT system comprised of a high-pressure (10−910^{-9}10−9 torr) chamber to gather atoms and a low-pressure (10−1110^{-11}10−11 torr) chamber to cool atoms to degeneracy.\n\nBy theoretically modeling the atom number and temperature inside the magnetic trap during evaporative cooling I demonstrate a simple approach to determining a cooling path that reaches the transition temperature. By making use of the condensates produced under these non-optimized conditions I determine the heating rate of the condensate in the TOP trap to be 300300300 nK/s. I further use the condensates to make a more precise measurement of the TOP trap bias field.\n\nI improve upon the conventional evaporation path used in TOP trap experiments by introducing and optimizing additional bias field compression stages in between RF evaporation ramps. I demonstrate how, by adding these additional stages, the system is capable of reaching the BEC phase transition with a final atom number of 2times1052\\times 10^{5}2times105. In contrast, RF evaporation after only a single bias field ramp has yielded condensates with only 30times10330\\times 10^330times103 atoms.
A Bose-Einstein condensate was produced in a vapor of rubidium-87 atoms that was confined by magnetic fields and evaporatively cooled. The condensate fraction first appeared near a temperature of 170 nanokelvin and a number density of 2.5 x 10(12) per cubic centimeter and could be preserved for more than 15 seconds. Three primary signatures of Bose-Einstein condensation were seen. (i) On top of a broad thermal velocity distribution, a narrow peak appeared that was centered at zero velocity. (ii) The fraction of the atoms that were in this low-velocity peak increased abruptly as the sample temperature was lowered. (iii) The peak exhibited a nonthermal, anisotropic velocity distribution expected of the minimum-energy quantum state of the magnetic trap in contrast to the isotropic, thermal velocity distribution observed in the broad uncondensed fraction.