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Physica B Condensed Matter

Local Bose condensate: observations on two-dimensional atomic hydrogen

S. Jaakkola, Sergey T. Boldarev, A.A Haritonov, A. I. Safonov, I. I. Lukashevich

Published May 1, 2000• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1016/s0921-4526(99)01430-1

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Spin-polarized atomic hydrogen continues to be one of the most promising candidates for Bose condensation of an atomic system. In contrast to liquid helium, hydrogen is gaseous and therefore its density can be changed to vary its behavior from the weakly to the strongly interacting Bose gas. Until now, efforts to Bose condense hydrogen have been thwarted by recombination and relaxation phenomena. After a long introduction to the subject, two promising approaches to observe quantum degenerate behavior are discussed: the microwave trap and a two-dimensional gas of hydrogen. Introduction Since the stabilization of atomic hydrogen as a spin-polarized gas (H↓), reported in 1980 [1], there has been a continuous effort to observe Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) or other effects of quantum degeneracy in this Bose gas. This challenge has not yet been realized due to the instability of H↓ towards recombination to H 2 or relaxation among hyperfine states as the conditions for BEC are approached. Although this difficulty is formidable, hydrogen presents a unique opportunity to study BEC and the related superfluidity, as it remains a gas to T = 0 [2]. By comparison, 4 He, the only experimentally observed boson fluid, is a strongly interacting superfluid Bose liquid, with little flexibility for varying its density. As a result of the gaseous nature of hydrogen, its density, n , can be varied over several orders of magnitude with the possibility of studying BEC and its relationship to superfluidity, ranging from the weakly to the strongly interacting boson gas.
The experimental observation of Bose-Einstein condensation in gas of rubidium atoms in 1995 had huge impact on the physics community with reports of a new state of matter making newspaper headlines all over the world. By comparison, it was in relative obscurity that Simo Jaakkola and his group at the University of Turku in Finland, in collaboration with researchers at the Kurchatov Institute in Moscow, recently observed the two-dimensional analogue of the effect (A I Safonov et al. 1998 Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 4545). Jaakkola observed two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensation (2D BEG) in gas of specially prepared hydrogen atoms adsorbed on the surface of liquid helium. In Bose-Einstein condensation all the particles in system collapse into single quantum state that has many unusual and novel properties.
The static fluctuation approximation (SFA) is used to study the condensate fraction and the specific heat capacity of finite two-dimensional spin-polarized atomic hydrogen. It is found that Bose-Einstein condensation occurs in this system. The transition temperature at different densities decreases as the number of particles of the system increases. At low density, a sharp peak in the specific heat capacity is observed at the transition temperature. On the other hand, as the density of the system increases, the transition temperature becomes no longer well-defined, and a hump is observed in the specific heat capacity around the transition temperature. A qualitative comparison of our results to published results for finite Bose systems shows good agreement.