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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Measurement of the time coherence of the single photons emitted by CdSe nanocrystals using photon correlation Fourier spectroscopy (PCFS)

Laurent Coolen, Xavier Brokmann, Piernicola Spinicelli, Jean‐Pierre Hermier

Published Jun 1, 2007• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, an original method which is called photon correlation Fourier spectroscopy (PCFS), is presented. This allows to achieve a high resolution in both the temporal and spectral domain, and measure the emission coherence in spite of weak emission and fast spectral diffusion. A Michelson interferometer is used to get a spectral resolution lower than 1mueV.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2007.4386924

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arXiv:1903.12447•Optics Express•Nov 18, 2019•35 citations
In this paper, an original method which is called photon correlation Fourier spectroscopy (PCFS), is presented. This allows to achieve a high resolution in both the temporal and spectral domain, and measure the emission coherence in spite of weak emission and fast spectral diffusion. A Michelson interferometer is used to get a spectral resolution lower than 1mueV.
In this paper, precise measurement of the time coherence of CdSe nanocrystals fluorescence is reported. At low temperature, where emission linewidth is expected to be below 0.2 meV, direct linewidth measurements are not possible, due to insufficient spectrometer resolution and spectral diffusion of the emission wavelength. To obtain a higher resolution, Michelson interferometer is used. An original highly sensitive method, based on the time-correlation between the photons detected at the two interferometer outputs is developed.
The excited state population of single solid-state emitters is subjected to energy fluctuations around the equilibrium driven by the bath and relaxation through the emission of phonons or photons. Simultaneous measurement of the associated spectral dynamics requires a technique with a high spectral and temporal resolution with an additionally high temporal dynamic range. We propose a pulsed excitation-laser analog of photon-correlation Fourier spectroscopy (PCFS), which extracts the linewidth and spectral diffusion dynamics along the emission lifetime trajectory of the emitter, effectively discriminating spectral dynamics from relaxation and bath fluctuations. This lifetime-resolved PCFS correlates photon-pairs at the output arm of a Michelson interferometer in both their time-delay between laser-excitation and photon-detection T and the time-delay between two photons τ. We propose the utility of the technique for systems with changing relative contributions to the emission from multiple states, for example, quantum emitters exhibiting phonon-mediated exchange between different fine-structure states.
Cette thése décrit une expérience d'interférométrie de Michelson réalisée pour mesurer la cohérence temporelle de l'émission d'un nanocristal individuel cœur/coquille de CdSe/ZnS. La difficulté d'une telle mesure réside dans la diffusion rapide (0,1 ms) de leur raie d'émission qui élargit le spectre mesuré habituellement. Nous introduisons, dans une description de l'expérience par un formalisme quantique, une méthode baptisée spectroscopie de Fourier à corrélation de photons (PCFS), reposant sur la mesure des corrélations aux temps courts entre les intensités détectées aux sorties de l'interféromètre. Contrairement aux méthodes spectroscopiques standard, la PCFS associe une bonne résolution temporelle à une bonne résolution spectrale (qui est calculée théoriquement en détail). Ceci nous permet d'étudier des nanocristaux individuels, à 300, 20 et 10 K, et de caractériser à la fois leur largeur spectrale et leur diffusion spectrale. Nous mesurons une largeur spectrale de 6,5 micro-eV (soit un temps de cohérence de 200 ps), meilleure de presque deux ordres de grandeur que les largeurs mesurées par spectroscopie d'un nanocristal individuel (0,1-1 meV).
We examine the possibility of measuring the emission linewidth $2\ensuremath{\hbar}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{2}$ of a single-photon source by Michelson interferometry. Such an emitter is characterized by a limited fluorescence intensity and, when embedded in a solid matrix, a large spectral diffusion. We show that fast spectral diffusion renders standard Fourier spectroscopy irrelevant. We then calculate the correlations of the intensities detected at the two interferometer outputs, point out the existence of two-photon interferences (coalescence) even for a non-single-mode emission, and show that the correlations are not affected by spectral diffusion at correlation times shorter than spectral dynamics. This yields two ways to measure the decoherence rate ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{2}$: the recently proposed photon-correlation Fourier spectroscopy, and the study of the coalescence dip. We examine the feasibility and spectral resolution of each method, depending on spectral-diffusion characteristics, and show that both methods could be applied to typical nanometer-sized emitters such as colloidal quantum dots.
We describe a method to probe the spectral fluctuations of a transition over broad ranges of frequencies and timescales with the high spectral resolution of Fourier spectroscopy, and a temporal resolution as high as the excited state lifetime, even in the limit of very low photocounting rates. The method derives from a simple relation between the fluorescence spectral dynamics of a single radi-ating dipole and its fluorescence intensity correlations at the outputs of a continuously scanning Michelson interferometer. These findings define an approach to investigate the fast fluorescence spectral dynamics of single molecules and other faint light sources beyond the time-resolution capabilities of standard spectroscopy experiments.
Light emission from solid-state quantum emitters is inherently prone to environmental decoherence, which results in a line broadening and in the deterioration of photon indistinguishability. Here we employ photon correlation Fourier spectroscopy (PCFS) to study the temporal evolution of such a broadening in two prominent systems: GaAs and In(Ga)As quantum dots. Differently from previous experiments, the emitters are driven with short laser pulses as required for the generation of high-purity single photons, the time scales we probe range from a few nanoseconds to milliseconds and, simultaneously, the spectral resolution we achieve can be as small as ∼ 2µeV. We find pronounced differences in the temporal evolution of different optical transition lines, which we attribute to differences in their homogeneous linewidth and sensitivity to charge noise. We analyze the effect of irradiation with additional white light, which reduces blinking at the cost of enhanced charge noise. Due to its robustness against experimental imperfections and its high temporal resolution and bandwidth, PCFS outperforms established spectroscopy techniques, such as Michelson interferometry. We discuss its practical implementation and the possibility to use it to estimate the indistinguishability of consecutively emitted single photons for applications in quantum communication and photonic-based quantum information processing.