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Journal of Physics B Atomic and Molecular Physics

Study of the highly excited Rydberg states of quasi-hydrogenic atoms

T. N. Chang

Published Oct 14, 1978• 13 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The author proposes an approach which is capable of analysing quantitatively the highly excited Rydberg states of quasi-hydrogenic atoms. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated by an application to the fine structure of the 2 D states of rubidium.
DOI
10.1088/0022-3700/11/19/004

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The development of the tunable dye laser as well as other more advanced experimental techniques has recently made possible the high-resolution study of the fine structure of the highly excited Rydberg states of alkali atoms. By recognising analytically the n dependence of the energy eigenvalue of the highly excited state based on its quasi-hydrogenic character, the authors were able to analyse quantitatively all the existing experimental measurements. The qualitative aspects concerning the fine structure splitting will also be discussed.
For many purposes it is desirable to have an easily understandable and accurate picture of the atomic states. This is especially true for the highly excited states which exhibit features not present in the well known states hydrogen-like orbitals with usual values of the quantum numbers. It could be expected that such visualizations are readily available. Unfortunately, that is not the case. We illustrate the problems by showing several less fortunate earlier presentations in some scientifically most valuable works, and show more suitable visualizations for those cases. The selected cases are not chosen to criticize the authors' approach. Rather, we have taken these very important papers to underline the need for serious work with graphical representations which this work attempts to be a part of. In this text we discuss the problems encountered when visualizing Rydberg states, review some existing presentations and propose guidelines for applications. The focus of this work are so called Stark states and coherent elliptic states of Rydberg atoms. In the sections on elliptic states we show some quite novel geometric interpretations which should be very helpful in analysis of Rydberg state manipulations in external fields. Our demonstration examples involve only hydrogen-like states. However, the techniques and analysis are also relevant for Rydberg molecules and more complicated highly excited atomic and molecular systems.
We review experimental and theoretical tools to excite, study and understand strongly interacting Rydberg gases. The focus lies on the excitation of dense ultracold atomic samples close to, or within quantum degeneracy, high-lying Rydberg states. The major part is dedicated to highly excited S-states of rubidium, which feature an isotropic van der Waals potential. Nevertheless, the setup and the methods presented are also applicable to other atomic species used in the field of laser cooling and atom trapping.
There has been increasing interest in the energy spectrum of highly excited Rydberg states. The energy spectra of the sss, ppp, and ddd highly excited Rydberg states of a rubidium atom have been measured by different groups. However, there is a discrepancy between the reported data concerning the energy levels of highly excited sss and ddd states of Rb. We address this issue by performing accurate calculations of Rb(ns,np,ndns,np,ndns,np,nd) energy levels using the parametric one-electron valence potential [Marinescu, Sadeghpour, and Dalgarno, Phys. Rev. A 49, 982 (1994)] with spin-orbit coupling. We compare results with reference data from the National Institute of Standards and Technology and from available experiments. This enables us to recommend energy levels of highly excited Rydberg states of Rb that can be used as reference values.