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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Schrödinger equation and quantum state codons in discrete transform space

Jean I. F. King

Published Nov 1, 1974• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum states of simple systems are shown to have composite root-pole structure in the complex transform plane. The Schrödinger condition becomes the inverse of a continuity equation expressing invariance of the Ψ-transform codon under discrete displacement. Four distinct quotient polynomial solutions model the Legendre, Hermite, Laguerre, and Jacobi polynomial families. Schrödinger coefficients are identified with pole strengths of quotient polynomials and are geometrically interpreted in terms of universal root and pole interactions.

DOI
10.1063/1.1666550

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Quantum states of simple systems are shown to have composite root-pole structure in the complex transform plane. The Schrödinger condition becomes the inverse of a continuity equation expressing invariance of the Ψ-transform codon under discrete displacement. Four distinct quotient polynomial solutions model the Legendre, Hermite, Laguerre, and Jacobi polynomial families. Schrödinger coefficients are identified with pole strengths of quotient polynomials and are geometrically interpreted in terms of universal root and pole interactions.
The general problem of finding exactly soluble quantum systems is considered. It is argued that discrete space quantum mechanics emerges in a natural way as an avenue of approach. Discrete space quantum mechanics is formulated and applied to one-dimensional quantum systems with emphasis on single-channel models. It is found that a large variety of systems are exactly soluble in the sense that they only require the inversion of a finite-dimensional matrix. The interaction may in general be both nonlocal and non-time-reversal-invariant. The analytic structure of the resolvent is worked out in detail for a simple class of examples. It is shown that a slightly modified version of the usual continuous space Schrödinger equation may in principle be solved exactly for any finite range local potential by writing the solution in terms of corresponding discrete space solutions. It is also shown that from an algebraic viewpoint the models constructed are realizations of generalized versions of the Weyl relations.
We formulate a continuity equation for the Schrödinger equation in the complex space. We define a complex momentum by normalizing the complex current by the particle density. This momentum is a quantum analog of the classical, kinematic momentum analytically continued into the complex plane. The kinematic momentum and the gradient of the wavefunction's phase each represent a fluid-like flow in the complex plane; the phase-gradient flow is incompressible. The zeros of the wavefunction give rise to simple poles in the momentum. The poles manifest as irrotational vortexes in the phase-gradient flow, while critical points of the wavefunction present as rigid body-like rotational flows of the kinematic momentum. A discrete nature of elementary excitations comes about inherently because the quantity of the poles is automatically integer. An exact quantization condition is subsequently formulated, which reduces to the Bohr-Sommerfeld condition in the semiclassical limit. We establish a priori that the Bohr-Sommerfeld condition must be exact for the Harmonic Oscillator. We show that the kinetic energy is a sum of contributions of the average value and fluctuations, respectively, of the kinematic momentum. The zero-point vibrations within bound states are solely due to the fluctuations of the momentum and manifest as rigid-body flows at infinity. The momentum poles -- and hence the wavefunction's zeros -- can be viewed as emergent, consistent with the remarkable property of quantum entanglement exhibited by standing wave solutions of the Schrödinger equation.
It is a well established fact that there are deeper connections between the theory of orthogonal polynomials on the one hand and properties of Schrodinger operators on the other hand. Those operators are assumed to act in conventionally used Hilbert spaces like for example L 2 (R n ). A pro- minent example for these connections are the classical continuous Hermite polynomials which correspond to Schrodinger operators with a quadratic po- tential. In the one dimensional case, the support of these polynomials is the real line. When dealing with a discretization of this support, one meets the next ingredient which enriches the investigation of orthogonal polynomials: It is the aspect of deformation. The idea of deforming polynomials plays a crucial role in the context of special functions. In the case of a q deformation one sees that the deformation itself can be associated with discretizing the support for orthogonal polynomials. This allows to switch from polynomials dened in the continuum to polynomials dened on a geometric progression. Behind these observations seems to lie a more general concept: Deformati- ons can be related to discretizations or quantizations and vice versa. This concept has also turned out to be an important guideline in structures of non-commutative geometry, thus also in areas quite far away from the theory of orthogonal polynomials. Our purpose is to address to generalized Hermite polynomials on the lattice- like support f+q n ; q n jn 2 Zg. These polynomials will turn out to be one- parameter generalizations of the q discrete Hermite polynomials of type II. Our basic starting point is the introduction of dierence operators which transform these polynomials into each other. These operators contain two parameters, the deformation parameter q which is related to the discrete support f+q n ; q n jn 2 Zg and a parameter which couples one-dimensional Dunkl like operators Mq ;M + q to the dierence operators under consideration. The parameter can be regarded as a further deformation parameter. Having derived the q generalized Hermite polynomials in the course of the second chapter, we classify them. It turns out that they are related to the discrete monic q Laguerre polynomials L () n (x; q). We investigate the related dierence operators in more detail and establish a link to the moment problem for the q generalized Hermite polynomials.
Multi-indexed orthogonal polynomials (the Meixner, little q-Jacobi (Laguerre), (q-)Racah, Wilson, and Askey-Wilson types) satisfying second-order difference equations were constructed in discrete quantum mechanics.They are polynomials in sinusoidal coordinates η(x) (x is the coordinate of the quantum system) and are expressed in terms of Casorati determinants whose matrix elements are functions of x at various points.By using shape-invariance properties, we derive various equivalent determinant expressions, especially those whose matrix elements are functions of the same point x.Except for the (q-)Racah case, they can be expressed in terms of η only, without explicit x-dependence...........
Molecular coherent excitation calculations are performed using a simple model of quantum N + 1-levels systems. An exact solution of the corresponding system of differential equations is obtained without their integration. For this, the discrete Fourier transform is applied: the sought-for functions – probability amplitudes a[n](t) of a quantum system are represented with Fourier images F[n] (ω) ,i.e. spectra that are described by some corresponding system of discrete orthogonal polynomials. Fourier spectra are calculated using the polynomials constructed. We find the required a[n](t) by calculating the final sum from 0 to N. Based on a one-to-one correspondence: polynomial characteristics vs equations coefficients, we find all the characteristics of quantum systems, the dynamics of which are described by the obtained solution. The construction of various polynomial systems of a discrete variable makes it possible to obtain solutions for quantum systems with various characteristics, including systems with non-equidistant arrangement of energy levels, which are typical for real molecules.