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Physical Review Letters

Griffiths singularities in two-dimensional random-bond Ising models: Relation with Lifshitz band tails

Theo M. Nieuwenhuizen

Published Oct 23, 1989• 19 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Ising models with correlated or uncorrelated random horizontal bonds are studied for square lattices in zero field. The partition sum is expressed in terms of a one-component field. Griffiths singularities in the free energy as function of temperature are derived. They are log-transforms of certain Lifshitz band tails. Griffiths singularities occur above as well as below the critical temperature.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.63.1760

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Ising models with correlated or uncorrelated random horizontal bonds are studied for square lattices in zero field. The partition sum is expressed in terms of a one-component field. Griffiths singularities in the free energy as function of temperature are derived. They are log-transforms of certain Lifshitz band tails. Griffiths singularities occur above as well as below the critical temperature.
We study a d=2 Ising model where the veritcal bonds are fixed and ferromagnetic and the horizontal bonds can vary randomly in sign and in magnitude (within some limits) but are same within each now. The model therefore generalizes that of McCoy and Wu since it allows for the interesting case of frustration. We use the transfer matrix to map our problem to a collection of random field d=1 problems about which a lot is known. We find generally three transitions: a Griffiths transition, its dual version, and one with infinite correlation length and index \ensuremath{\nu}=1. In all cases the free energy has infinitely differentiable singularities. In addition there are some zero-temperature transitions.
We report a Monte Carlo study of the effects of fluctuations in the bond distribution of Ising spin glasses in a transverse magnetic field, in the paramagnetic phase in the T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0 limit. Rare, strong fluctuations give rise to Griffiths singularities, which can dominate the zero-temperature behavior of these quantum systems, as originally demonstrated by McCoy for one-dimensional (d=1) systems. Our simulations are done on a square lattice in d=2 and a cubic lattice in d=3, for a Gaussian distribution of nearest neighbor (only) bonds. In d=2, where the linear susceptibility was found to diverge at the critical transverse field strength ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathit{c}}$ for the order-disorder phase transition at T=0, the average nonlinear susceptibility ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\chi}}}_{\mathrm{nl}}$ diverges in the paramagnetic phase for \ensuremath{\Gamma} well above ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathit{c}}$, as is also demonstrated in the accompanying paper by Rieger and Young. In d=3, the linear susceptibility remains finite at ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathit{c}}$, and while Griffiths singularity effects are certainly observable in the paramagnetic phase, the nonlinear susceptibility appears to diverge only rather close to ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathit{c}}$. These results show that Griffiths singularities remain persistent in dimensions above one (where they are known to be strong), though their magnitude decreases monotonically with increasing dimensionality (there being no Griffiths singularities in the limit of infinite dimensionality). \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
The Ising model in a random magnetic field h is studied on a square lattice. h has the same value along a row, but varies randomly from row to row. h=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}\ensuremath{\infty} with probability p/2 and is zero with probability 1-p. The quenched free energy F and specific heat C are calculated exactly. We find C\ensuremath{\sim}lnp for small p at the Onsager temperature Tc{T}_{c}Tc​. It is shown that for p\ensuremath{\ne}0, F(p,T) is not analytic in T at T=Tc{T}_{c}Tc​, i.e., it has a Griffiths-like singularity.
We study the quantum phase transition in the two-dimensional random Ising model in a transverse field by Monte Carlo simulations. We find results similar to those known analytically in one dimension. At the critical point the dynamical exponent is infinite and the typical correlation function decays with a stretched exponential dependence on distance. Away from the critical point there are Griffiths-McCoy singularities, characterized by a single continuously varying exponent, ${z}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, which diverges at the critical point, as in one dimension. Consequently, the zero temperature susceptibility diverges for a range of parameters about the transition.
For the two dimensional random bond disordered Ising ferromagnet, we measured bulk data of the magnetic susceptibility (χχχ) and correlation length (ξξξ) up to ξ≃536ξ\simeq 536ξ≃536, with the use of a novel finite size scaling Monte Carlo technique. Our data are exclusively consistent with normal power-law critical behaviors with only one singular point at criticality, disproving the existence of Griffiths singularity even in an extremely deep scaling region. The critical exponents of χχχ and ξξξ increase continuously with the strength of disorder.
Low-temperature expansion of Ising model has long been a topic of significant interest in condensed matter and statistical physics. In this paper we present new results of the coefficients in the low-temperature series of the Ising partition function on the square lattice, in the cases of a zero field and of an imaginary field $i(\ensuremath{\pi}/2){k}_{B}T$. The coefficients in the low-temperature series of the free energy in the thermodynamic limit are represented using the explicit expression of the density function of the Fisher zeros. The asymptotic behavior of the sequence of the coefficients when the order goes to infinity is determined exactly, for both the series of the free energy and of the partition function. Our analytic and numerical results demonstrate that the convergence radius of the sequence is dependent on the accumulation points of the Fisher zeros, which have the smallest modulus. In the zero field case this accumulation point is the physical critical point, while in the imaginary field case it corresponds to a nonphysical singularity. We further discuss the relation between the series coefficients and the energy state degeneracies, using the combinatorial expression of the coefficients and the subgraph expansion.