Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Physical Review

Relaxation of Optically Pumped Rb Atoms on Paraffin-Coated Walls

Marie-Anne Bouchiat, J. Brossel

Published Jul 8, 1966• 331 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Relaxation of optically pumped Rb atoms on paraffin-coated walls has been studied using Franzen's sequence (relaxation in the dark) for observables $〈{S}_{z}〉$ (mean electronic longitudinal polarization), and <S\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}I> (population difference between the two hfs levels). The physical meaning of optical signals under different conditions is analyzed in some detail, and it is pointed out that different observables relax differently. In the interpretation of our results, extensive use has been made of the theoretical analysis of the relaxation of a spin S (coupled to a spin I in the Rb atom) caused by a weak interaction of the type $_{\ensuremath{\gamma}s}H(t)\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathbf{S}$, $H(t)$ being a random magnetic field acting on S during the dwell time of a Rb atom on the wall. Experimental results are in excellent agreement with this analysis, if one assumes the existence of two uncorrelated interactions of the above type. The first is the dipole-dipole interaction between S and the nuclear spins K of the protons (or deuterons) of the coating. This interaction has a long correlation time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c1}\ensuremath{\approx}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ sec and dominates the relaxation of $〈{S}_{z}〉$ in low fields. The second interaction which is independent of spins K, has a short correlation time ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c2}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ sec, and dominates the relaxation of <S\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}I> in low fields, and of $〈{S}_{z}〉$ in large fields. The values of these correlation times and of the strengths of the two interactions have been measured, first in low fields by combining results on $〈{S}_{z}〉$ and <S\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}I> for the two Rb isotopes and for two types of coatings [${(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{2})}_{n}$ and ${(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{D}}_{2})}_{n}$], and second, by studying the variations of the "pseudo" relaxation time ${T}_{1}$ of $〈{S}_{z}〉$ for magnetic-field values up to 5000 G. We arrive at a detailed picture of physical adsorption of Rb on paraffin-coated walls, and find 0.1 eV for the adsorption energy. These results are compatible with those obtained for the relaxation of oriented Rb atoms in collisions with buffer-gas molecules.

DOI
10.1103/physrev.147.41

Related papers

Relaxation of atomic polarization in paraffin-coated cesium vapor cells

M. T. Graf, Derek F. Jackson Kimball, Simon Rochester +6 more

The relaxation of atomic polarization in buffer-gas-free, paraffin-coated cesium vapor cells is studied using a variation on Franzen's technique of ``relaxation in the dark'' [Franzen, Phys. Rev. 115 850 (1959)]. In the present experiment, narrow-band, circularly polarized pump light, resonant with the Cs D2 transition, orients atoms along a longitudinal magnetic field, and time-dependent optical rotation of linearly polarized probe light is measured to determine the relaxation rates of the atomic orientation of a particular hyperfine level. The change in relaxation rates during light-induced atomic desorption (LIAD) is studied. No significant change in the spin relaxation rate during LIAD is found beyond that expected from the faster rate of spin-exchange collisions due to the increase in Cs density.

arXiv:physics/0503202•Physical Review A•Aug 1, 2005•140 citations

The study of wall interactions of spin polarized rubidium atoms using the frequency shift in the electron paramagnetic resonance of the rubidium atoms

Emily Ulanski

I studied the effect of wall collisions on the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of gas phase alkali metal atoms (87Rb). Two types of walls were studied: antirelaxation-coated walls and RbH-coated walls. I measured the dwell times of spin polarized Rb atoms on the two most common antirelaxation coatings, octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)- and paraffin. I found that at a cell temperature of 72 C the dwell times for OTS- and paraffin-coated walls are 0.9 ± 0.1 μs and 1.8 ± 0.2 μs, respectively. The implication of these dwell times, which are much longer than what was previously reported in the literature, is discussed in connection with the relaxing property of these coatings. In cells coated with RbH salt I made the first observation of the EPR frequency shift of the gas phase 87Rb atoms. Due to collisions with the RbH salt, which was nuclear spin polarized by spin exchange with optically pumped Rb vapor. The measured EPR frequency shifts are of the order of several hundred Hz in a millimeter-sized cell. By measuring the dependence of the EPR frequency shifts on cell length and by comparing the EPR frequency shifts in RbH-coated cells with those in OTS-coated cells, I provided convincing evidence that the observed EPR frequency shifts are due to collisions with RbH-coated walls, and not due to gas phase processes. The EPR frequency shift is due to the Fermi contact interaction between the s-electron of the adsorbed 87Rb atom and the polarized nucleus on the salt surface. The measured EPR frequency shifts allowed me to calculate the ensemble-averaged phase shift experienced by the Rb atom while adsorbed on the walls. Under our experimental condition this is about 70 mrad. My experiment opens up the possibility of studying surface NMR using gas phase EPR. The phase shift is proportional to the surface nuclear polarization, thus provides an interesting method for measuring the surface nuclear polarization using gas phase EPR. My observation will alert the high precision miniature atomic magnetometry community that collisions with cell walls may cause a systematic error and line broadening in the magnetic resonance frequency.

•Jan 1, 2014•0 citations

Relaxation of electron polarization for optically pumped rubidium atoms

W. Nagengast, A. Nass, C. Großhauser +2 more

Relaxation time constants of electron polarization, 〈Sz〉, for optically pumped rubidium atoms in a drifilm coated glass cell have been investigated with the Faraday rotation method. The dependence of the 〈Sz〉 relaxation time on pump cell temperature, rubidium density and applied magnetic field has been determined with high precision. The measurements allow the determination of the local magnetic field on the surface, alkali-wall binding energy and wall-dwell time. Furthermore, the change of relaxation time caused by admixtures of molecular hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen has been investigated. No influence due to the addition of hydrogen could be detected up to a density of 3.3×1014 cm−3 at typical rubidium densities of several 1011 cm−3. The cross section for depolarizing collisons with molecular oxygen has been determined to be 7.50×10−15 cm2. The corresponding cross section for nitrogen was found to be two orders of magnitude lower. The experimental results are discussed in respect to the performance of spin exchange sources for nuclear polarized hydrogen and deuterium.

Journal of Applied Physics•Jun 1, 1998•6 citations

Experimental investigations of relaxation of spin polarized atoms on coated surfaces

Natarajan D. Bhaskar

The interaction of spin polarized cesium atoms on coated surfaces is examined. Coated surfaces find extensive applications in atomic devices-hydrogen masers and advanced rubidium frequency standards utilize wall coatings to obtain very narrow hyperfine resonances. A Cs atomic beam is hyperfine or spin polarized by optical pumping techniques using a single mode AlGaAs diode laser. The ground state distribution is probed before and after scattering from coated surfaces using laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The coatings under investigations are paraffin and organosilanes and these are known to be very weakly relaxing surfaces for polarized alkali atoms. The spin relaxation properties of paraffin and organosilane coatings have been studied in glass cell-vapor environment. In our experiments using polarized atomic beams, our goal is to examine in detail the hyperfine and spin relaxation properties of these coatings in a carefully controlled environment which is not possible in the gas cell environment. We measure the spin relaxation probability per wall collision as a function of temperature of the surface. Results of our studies will be presented.

Bulletin of the American Physical Society•May 1, 1993•0 citations

Measurement of dwell times of spin polarized rubidium atoms on octadecyltrichlorosilane- and paraffin-coated surfaces

Emily Ulanski, Zhen Wu

We report the measurement of dwell times of spin polarized Rb atoms on octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)- and paraffin-coated surfaces. We find that at a cell temperature of 72 °C the dwell times for OTS- and paraffin-coated surfaces are 0.9±0.1 μs and 1.8±0.2 μs, respectively. Since the relaxation probability on paraffin is almost one order of magnitude smaller than that on OTS, the longer dwell time for paraffin indicates that the average strength of the interactions experienced by Rb atoms while they are inside paraffin is much weaker than while they are inside OTS.

Applied Physics Letters•May 16, 2011•25 citations

Dwell Time Measurement of Wall Collisions of Spin Polarized Rb Atoms on Antirelaxation Coatings

Kaifeng Zhao, Emily Ulanski, Martin Schaden +1 more

Methods commonly used in surface science have difficulties in studying surface interaction between spin polarized atoms and anti-relaxation coatings in sealed atomic vapour cells. The average dwell time of atom-wall collisions can provide important information for understanding the atom surface interaction. Here we present a simple method for directly measuring the average dwell time of spin polarized rubidium atoms on coated glass surfaces. The method relies on evanescent-wave induced light shift of the Zeeman resonance of Rb atomic spins, and does not depend on the microscopic details of surface interactions. This is the only reliable method currently available for measuring surface dwell time of spin polarized atoms sealed in vapor cells.

Journal of Physics Conference Series•Nov 5, 2012•4 citations
Relaxation of optically pumped Rb atoms on paraffin-coated walls has been studied using Franzen's sequence (relaxation in the dark) for observables 〈Sz〉〈{S}_{z}〉〈Sz​〉 (mean electronic longitudinal polarization), and <S\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}I> (population difference between the two hfs levels). The physical meaning of optical signals under different conditions is analyzed in some detail, and it is pointed out that different observables relax differently. In the interpretation of our results, extensive use has been made of the theoretical analysis of the relaxation of a spin S (coupled to a spin I in the Rb atom) caused by a weak interaction of the type \ensuremathγsH(t)\ifmmode⋅\else\textperiodcentered\fiS_{\ensuremath{\gamma}s}H(t)\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathbf{S}\ensuremathγs​H(t)\ifmmode⋅\else\textperiodcentered\fiS, H(t)H(t)H(t) being a random magnetic field acting on S during the dwell time of a Rb atom on the wall. Experimental results are in excellent agreement with this analysis, if one assumes the existence of two uncorrelated interactions of the above type. The first is the dipole-dipole interaction between S and the nuclear spins K of the protons (or deuterons) of the coating. This interaction has a long correlation time \ensuremathτc1\ensuremath≈4\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−10{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c1}\ensuremath{\approx}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}\ensuremathτc1​\ensuremath≈4\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−10 sec and dominates the relaxation of 〈Sz〉〈{S}_{z}〉〈Sz​〉 in low fields. The second interaction which is independent of spins K, has a short correlation time \ensuremathτc2\ensuremath≈10\ensuremath−12{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{c2}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}\ensuremathτc2​\ensuremath≈10\ensuremath−12 sec, and dominates the relaxation of <S\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}I> in low fields, and of 〈Sz〉〈{S}_{z}〉〈Sz​〉 in large fields. The values of these correlation times and of the strengths of the two interactions have been measured, first in low fields by combining results on 〈Sz〉〈{S}_{z}〉〈Sz​〉 and <S\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}I> for the two Rb isotopes and for two types of coatings [(CH2)n{(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{H}}_{2})}_{n}(CH2​)n​ and (CD2)n{(\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{D}}_{2})}_{n}(CD2​)n​], and second, by studying the variations of the "pseudo" relaxation time T1{T}_{1}T1​ of 〈Sz〉〈{S}_{z}〉〈Sz​〉 for magnetic-field values up to 5000 G. We arrive at a detailed picture of physical adsorption of Rb on paraffin-coated walls, and find 0.1 eV for the adsorption energy. These results are compatible with those obtained for the relaxation of oriented Rb atoms in collisions with buffer-gas molecules.
The relaxation of atomic polarization in buffer-gas-free, paraffin-coated cesium vapor cells is studied using a variation on Franzen's technique of ``relaxation in the dark'' [Franzen, Phys. Rev. 115 850 (1959)]. In the present experiment, narrow-band, circularly polarized pump light, resonant with the Cs D2 transition, orients atoms along a longitudinal magnetic field, and time-dependent optical rotation of linearly polarized probe light is measured to determine the relaxation rates of the atomic orientation of a particular hyperfine level. The change in relaxation rates during light-induced atomic desorption (LIAD) is studied. No significant change in the spin relaxation rate during LIAD is found beyond that expected from the faster rate of spin-exchange collisions due to the increase in Cs density.
I studied the effect of wall collisions on the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of gas phase alkali metal atoms (87Rb). Two types of walls were studied: antirelaxation-coated walls and RbH-coated walls. I measured the dwell times of spin polarized Rb atoms on the two most common antirelaxation coatings, octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)- and paraffin. I found that at a cell temperature of 72 C the dwell times for OTS- and paraffin-coated walls are 0.9 ± 0.1 μs and 1.8 ± 0.2 μs, respectively. The implication of these dwell times, which are much longer than what was previously reported in the literature, is discussed in connection with the relaxing property of these coatings. In cells coated with RbH salt I made the first observation of the EPR frequency shift of the gas phase 87Rb atoms. Due to collisions with the RbH salt, which was nuclear spin polarized by spin exchange with optically pumped Rb vapor. The measured EPR frequency shifts are of the order of several hundred Hz in a millimeter-sized cell. By measuring the dependence of the EPR frequency shifts on cell length and by comparing the EPR frequency shifts in RbH-coated cells with those in OTS-coated cells, I provided convincing evidence that the observed EPR frequency shifts are due to collisions with RbH-coated walls, and not due to gas phase processes. The EPR frequency shift is due to the Fermi contact interaction between the s-electron of the adsorbed 87Rb atom and the polarized nucleus on the salt surface. The measured EPR frequency shifts allowed me to calculate the ensemble-averaged phase shift experienced by the Rb atom while adsorbed on the walls. Under our experimental condition this is about 70 mrad. My experiment opens up the possibility of studying surface NMR using gas phase EPR. The phase shift is proportional to the surface nuclear polarization, thus provides an interesting method for measuring the surface nuclear polarization using gas phase EPR. My observation will alert the high precision miniature atomic magnetometry community that collisions with cell walls may cause a systematic error and line broadening in the magnetic resonance frequency.
Relaxation time constants of electron polarization, 〈Sz〉, for optically pumped rubidium atoms in a drifilm coated glass cell have been investigated with the Faraday rotation method. The dependence of the 〈Sz〉 relaxation time on pump cell temperature, rubidium density and applied magnetic field has been determined with high precision. The measurements allow the determination of the local magnetic field on the surface, alkali-wall binding energy and wall-dwell time. Furthermore, the change of relaxation time caused by admixtures of molecular hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen has been investigated. No influence due to the addition of hydrogen could be detected up to a density of 3.3×1014 cm−3 at typical rubidium densities of several 1011 cm−3. The cross section for depolarizing collisons with molecular oxygen has been determined to be 7.50×10−15 cm2. The corresponding cross section for nitrogen was found to be two orders of magnitude lower. The experimental results are discussed in respect to the performance of spin exchange sources for nuclear polarized hydrogen and deuterium.
The interaction of spin polarized cesium atoms on coated surfaces is examined. Coated surfaces find extensive applications in atomic devices-hydrogen masers and advanced rubidium frequency standards utilize wall coatings to obtain very narrow hyperfine resonances. A Cs atomic beam is hyperfine or spin polarized by optical pumping techniques using a single mode AlGaAs diode laser. The ground state distribution is probed before and after scattering from coated surfaces using laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. The coatings under investigations are paraffin and organosilanes and these are known to be very weakly relaxing surfaces for polarized alkali atoms. The spin relaxation properties of paraffin and organosilane coatings have been studied in glass cell-vapor environment. In our experiments using polarized atomic beams, our goal is to examine in detail the hyperfine and spin relaxation properties of these coatings in a carefully controlled environment which is not possible in the gas cell environment. We measure the spin relaxation probability per wall collision as a function of temperature of the surface. Results of our studies will be presented.
We report the measurement of dwell times of spin polarized Rb atoms on octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)- and paraffin-coated surfaces. We find that at a cell temperature of 72 °C the dwell times for OTS- and paraffin-coated surfaces are 0.9±0.1 μs and 1.8±0.2 μs, respectively. Since the relaxation probability on paraffin is almost one order of magnitude smaller than that on OTS, the longer dwell time for paraffin indicates that the average strength of the interactions experienced by Rb atoms while they are inside paraffin is much weaker than while they are inside OTS.
Methods commonly used in surface science have difficulties in studying surface interaction between spin polarized atoms and anti-relaxation coatings in sealed atomic vapour cells. The average dwell time of atom-wall collisions can provide important information for understanding the atom surface interaction. Here we present a simple method for directly measuring the average dwell time of spin polarized rubidium atoms on coated glass surfaces. The method relies on evanescent-wave induced light shift of the Zeeman resonance of Rb atomic spins, and does not depend on the microscopic details of surface interactions. This is the only reliable method currently available for measuring surface dwell time of spin polarized atoms sealed in vapor cells.