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Physics Today

When fermions become bosons: Pairing in ultracold gases

Carlos A. R. Sá de Melo

Published Oct 1, 2008• 53 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The unprecedented control over the interactions and pairing of ultracold fermionic atoms provides insight into exotic strongly correlated phenomena and illuminates the physics of superfluidity in metals, nuclei, and neutron stars.
DOI
10.1063/1.3001867

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The quantum mechanical phenomenon of Bose-Einstein condensation appears throughout physics with manifestations ranging from superconductivity in metals to superfluidity in nuclei and neutron stars. In most cases the condensation emerges due to correlations or pairing of fermionic particles. We explore this quantum behavior in a uniquely controllable and clean system consisting of an ultracold gas of atoms. In particular, by tuning the interactions between the fermionic atoms that make up our ultracold gas we can create condensates consisting of pairs of correlated atoms. These experiments introduce the ability to access the intriguing crossover regime where the quantum behavior of fermions becomes intertwined with that of bosons.
The search for novel phases of quantum coherent matter has been one of the main driving forces in condensed matter physics for many years. The unprecedented experimental sophistication reached recently in ultracold atomic gases has opened new and exciting perspectives in this search. The ability to externally manipulate the interatomic interaction, the capacity to embed atomic clouds in optical lattices or confine them in low dimensions, as well as the possibility to prepare mixtures of atoms with different statistics and/or populations, is presenting an opportunity to realise and explore novel correlated phases of matter. During the lectures I will focus mainly on aspects of condensation and superfluidity phenomena in fermionic systems. Theoretical elements will be discussed together with recent experimental realisations.
A possibility of the condensation of excitations with a non-zero momentum in rectilinearly moving and rotating superfluid bosonic and fermionic (with Cooper pairing) media is considered in terms of a phenomenological order-parameter functional at zero and non-zero temperature. The results might be applicable to the description of bosonic systems like superfluid 4^44He, ultracold atomic Bose gases, charged pion and kaon condensates in rotating neutron stars, and various superconducting fermionic systems with pairing, like proton and color-superconducting components in compact stars, metallic superconductors, and neutral fermionic systems with pairing, like the neutron component in compact stars and ultracold atomic Fermi gases. Order parameters of the "mother" condensate in the superfluid and the new condensate of excitations, corresponding energy gains, critical temperatures and critical velocities are found.